merged with upstream

1 files changed, 1214 insertions, 321 deletions

diff --git a/archiso/mkarchiso b/archiso/mkarchiso
index 7b65cf6..63c2364 100755
--- a/archiso/mkarchiso
+++ b/archiso/mkarchiso
@@ -1,30 +1,63 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
 
 set -e -u
 
-export LANG=C
+# Control the environment
+umask 0022
+export LC_ALL="C"
+[[ -v SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH ]] || printf -v SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH '%(%s)T' -1
+export SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH
+
+# Set application name from the script's file name
+app_name="${0##*/}"
 
-app_name=${0##*/}
+# pass architecture via environment
 arch=${arch:-$(uname -m)}
+
+# Define global variables. All of them will be overwritten later
 pkg_list=()
-run_cmd=""
-quiet="y"
-pacman_conf="/etc/pacman.conf"
-iso_label="ARCH_$(date +%Y%m)"
-iso_publisher="Arch Linux <http://www.archlinux.org>"
-iso_application="Arch Linux Live/Rescue CD"
-install_dir="arch"
-work_dir="work"
-out_dir="out"
-sfs_mode="sfs"
-sfs_comp="xz"
-gpg_key=
+bootstrap_pkg_list=()
+quiet=""
+work_dir=""
+out_dir=""
+gpg_key=""
+gpg_sender=""
+iso_name=""
+iso_label=""
+iso_publisher=""
+iso_application=""
+iso_version=""
+install_dir=""
+arch=""
+pacman_conf=""
+packages=""
+bootstrap_packages=""
+pacstrap_dir=""
+buildmodes=()
+bootmodes=()
+airootfs_image_type=""
+airootfs_image_tool_options=()
+cert_list=()
+sign_netboot_artifacts=""
+declare -A file_permissions=()
+# adapted from GRUB_EARLY_INITRD_LINUX_STOCK in https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grub.git/tree/util/grub-mkconfig.in
+readonly ucodes=('intel-uc.img' 'intel-ucode.img' 'amd-uc.img' 'amd-ucode.img' 'early_ucode.cpio' 'microcode.cpio')
+
 
 # Show an INFO message
 # $1: message string
 _msg_info() {
     local _msg="${1}"
-    echo "[mkarchiso] INFO: ${_msg}"
+    [[ "${quiet}" == "y" ]] || printf '[%s] INFO: %s\n' "${app_name}" "${_msg}"
+}
+
+# Show a WARNING message
+# $1: message string
+_msg_warning() {
+    local _msg="${1}"
+    printf '[%s] WARNING: %s\n' "${app_name}" "${_msg}" >&2
 }
 
 # Show an ERROR message then exit with status
@@ -33,377 +66,1256 @@ _msg_info() {
 _msg_error() {
     local _msg="${1}"
     local _error=${2}
-    echo
-    echo "[mkarchiso] ERROR: ${_msg}"
-    echo
-    if [[ ${_error} -gt 0 ]]; then
+    printf '[%s] ERROR: %s\n' "${app_name}" "${_msg}" >&2
+    if (( _error > 0 )); then
         exit "${_error}"
     fi
 }
 
-_chroot_init() {
-    mkdir -p ${work_dir}/airootfs
-    _pacman base syslinux
+# Show help usage, with an exit status.
+# $1: exit status number.
+_usage() {
+    IFS='' read -r -d '' usagetext <<ENDUSAGETEXT || true
+usage: ${app_name} [options] <profile_dir>
+  options:
+     -A <application> Set an application name for the ISO
+                      Default: '${iso_application}'
+     -C <file>        pacman configuration file.
+                      Default: '${pacman_conf}'
+     -D <install_dir> Set an install_dir. All files will by located here.
+                      Default: '${install_dir}'
+                      NOTE: Max 8 characters, use only [a-z0-9]
+     -L <label>       Set the ISO volume label
+                      Default: '${iso_label}'
+     -P <publisher>   Set the ISO publisher
+                      Default: '${iso_publisher}'
+     -c [cert ..]     Provide certificates for codesigning of netboot artifacts
+                      Multiple files are provided as quoted, space delimited list.
+                      The first file is considered as the signing certificate,
+                      the second as the key.
+     -g <gpg_key>     Set the PGP key ID to be used for signing the rootfs image.
+                      Passed to gpg as the value for --default-key
+     -G <mbox>        Set the PGP signer (must include an email address)
+                      Passed to gpg as the value for --sender
+     -h               This message
+     -m [mode ..]     Build mode(s) to use (valid modes are: 'bootstrap', 'iso' and 'netboot').
+                      Multiple build modes are provided as quoted, space delimited list.
+     -o <out_dir>     Set the output directory
+                      Default: '${out_dir}'
+     -p [package ..]  Package(s) to install.
+                      Multiple packages are provided as quoted, space delimited list.
+     -v               Enable verbose output
+     -w <work_dir>    Set the working directory
+                      Default: '${work_dir}'
+
+  profile_dir:        Directory of the archiso profile to build
+ENDUSAGETEXT
+    printf '%s' "${usagetext}"
+    exit "${1}"
 }
 
-_chroot_run() {
-    eval arch-chroot ${work_dir}/airootfs "${run_cmd}"
+# Shows configuration options.
+_show_config() {
+    local build_date
+    printf -v build_date '%(%FT%R%z)T' "${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH}"
+    _msg_info "${app_name} configuration settings"
+    _msg_info "             Architecture:   ${arch}"
+    _msg_info "        Working directory:   ${work_dir}"
+    _msg_info "   Installation directory:   ${install_dir}"
+    _msg_info "               Build date:   ${build_date}"
+    _msg_info "         Output directory:   ${out_dir}"
+    _msg_info "       Current build mode:   ${buildmode}"
+    _msg_info "              Build modes:   ${buildmodes[*]}"
+    _msg_info "                  GPG key:   ${gpg_key:-None}"
+    _msg_info "               GPG signer:   ${gpg_sender:-None}"
+    _msg_info "Code signing certificates:   ${cert_list[*]:-None}"
+    _msg_info "                  Profile:   ${profile}"
+    _msg_info "Pacman configuration file:   ${pacman_conf}"
+    _msg_info "          Image file name:   ${image_name:-None}"
+    _msg_info "         ISO volume label:   ${iso_label}"
+    _msg_info "            ISO publisher:   ${iso_publisher}"
+    _msg_info "          ISO application:   ${iso_application}"
+    _msg_info "               Boot modes:   ${bootmodes[*]:-None}"
+    _msg_info "            Packages File:   ${buildmode_packages}"
+    _msg_info "                 Packages:   ${buildmode_pkg_list[*]}"
 }
 
-_mount_airootfs() {
-    trap "_umount_airootfs" EXIT HUP INT TERM
-    mkdir -p "${work_dir}/mnt/airootfs"
-    _msg_info "Mounting '${work_dir}/airootfs.img' on '${work_dir}/mnt/airootfs'"
-    mount "${work_dir}/airootfs.img" "${work_dir}/mnt/airootfs"
+# Cleanup airootfs
+_cleanup_pacstrap_dir() {
+    _msg_info "Cleaning up in pacstrap location..."
+
+    # Delete all files in /boot
+    [[ -d "${pacstrap_dir}/boot" ]] && find "${pacstrap_dir}/boot" -mindepth 1 -delete
+    # Delete pacman database sync cache files (*.tar.gz)
+    [[ -d "${pacstrap_dir}/var/lib/pacman" ]] && find "${pacstrap_dir}/var/lib/pacman" -maxdepth 1 -type f -delete
+    # Delete pacman database sync cache
+    [[ -d "${pacstrap_dir}/var/lib/pacman/sync" ]] && find "${pacstrap_dir}/var/lib/pacman/sync" -delete
+    # Delete pacman package cache
+    [[ -d "${pacstrap_dir}/var/cache/pacman/pkg" ]] && find "${pacstrap_dir}/var/cache/pacman/pkg" -type f -delete
+    # Delete all log files, keeps empty dirs.
+    [[ -d "${pacstrap_dir}/var/log" ]] && find "${pacstrap_dir}/var/log" -type f -delete
+    # Delete all temporary files and dirs
+    [[ -d "${pacstrap_dir}/var/tmp" ]] && find "${pacstrap_dir}/var/tmp" -mindepth 1 -delete
+    # Delete package pacman related files.
+    find "${work_dir}" \( -name '*.pacnew' -o -name '*.pacsave' -o -name '*.pacorig' \) -delete
+    # Create an empty /etc/machine-id
+    rm -f -- "${pacstrap_dir}/etc/machine-id"
+    printf '' > "${pacstrap_dir}/etc/machine-id"
+
     _msg_info "Done!"
 }
 
-_umount_airootfs() {
-    _msg_info "Unmounting '${work_dir}/mnt/airootfs'"
-    umount -d "${work_dir}/mnt/airootfs"
+# Create a squashfs image and place it in the ISO 9660 file system.
+# $@: options to pass to mksquashfs
+_run_mksquashfs() {
+    local mksquashfs_options=() image_path="${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/${arch}/airootfs.sfs"
+    rm -f -- "${image_path}"
+    [[ ! "${quiet}" == "y" ]] || mksquashfs_options+=('-no-progress' '-quiet')
+    mksquashfs "$@" "${image_path}" -noappend "${airootfs_image_tool_options[@]}" "${mksquashfs_options[@]}"
+}
+
+# Create an ext4 image containing the root file system and pack it inside a squashfs image.
+# Save the squashfs image on the ISO 9660 file system.
+_mkairootfs_ext4+squashfs() {
+    local ext4_hash_seed mkfs_ext4_options=()
+    [[ -e "${pacstrap_dir}" ]] || _msg_error "The path '${pacstrap_dir}' does not exist" 1
+
+    _msg_info "Creating ext4 image of 32 GiB and copying '${pacstrap_dir}/' to it..."
+
+    ext4_hash_seed="$(uuidgen --sha1 --namespace 93a870ff-8565-4cf3-a67b-f47299271a96 \
+        --name "${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH} ext4 hash seed")"
+    mkfs_ext4_options=(
+        '-d' "${pacstrap_dir}"
+        '-O' '^has_journal,^resize_inode'
+        '-E' "lazy_itable_init=0,root_owner=0:0,hash_seed=${ext4_hash_seed}"
+        '-m' '0'
+        '-F'
+        '-U' 'clear'
+    )
+    [[ ! "${quiet}" == "y" ]] || mkfs_ext4_options+=('-q')
+    rm -f -- "${pacstrap_dir}.img"
+    E2FSPROGS_FAKE_TIME="${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH}" mkfs.ext4 "${mkfs_ext4_options[@]}" -- "${pacstrap_dir}.img" 32G
+    tune2fs -c 0 -i 0 -- "${pacstrap_dir}.img" > /dev/null
     _msg_info "Done!"
-    rmdir "${work_dir}/mnt/airootfs"
-    trap - EXIT HUP INT TERM
+
+    install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/${arch}"
+    _msg_info "Creating SquashFS image, this may take some time..."
+    _run_mksquashfs "${pacstrap_dir}.img"
+    _msg_info "Done!"
+    rm -- "${pacstrap_dir}.img"
 }
 
-# Show help usage, with an exit status.
-# $1: exit status number.
-_usage ()
-{
-    echo "usage ${app_name} [options] command <command options>"
-    echo " general options:"
-    echo "    -p PACKAGE(S)    Package(s) to install, can be used multiple times"
-    echo "    -r <command>     Run <command> inside airootfs"
-    echo "    -C <file>        Config file for pacman."
-    echo "                     Default: '${pacman_conf}'"
-    echo "    -L <label>       Set a label for the disk"
-    echo "                     Default: '${iso_label}'"
-    echo "    -P <publisher>   Set a publisher for the disk"
-    echo "                     Default: '${iso_publisher}'"
-    echo "    -A <application> Set an application name for the disk"
-    echo "                     Default: '${iso_application}'"
-    echo "    -D <install_dir> Set an install_dir. All files will by located here."
-    echo "                     Default: '${install_dir}'"
-    echo "                     NOTE: Max 8 characters, use only [a-z0-9]"
-    echo "    -w <work_dir>    Set the working directory"
-    echo "                     Default: '${work_dir}'"
-    echo "    -o <out_dir>     Set the output directory"
-    echo "                     Default: '${out_dir}'"
-    echo "    -s <sfs_mode>    Set SquashFS image mode (img or sfs)"
-    echo "                     img: prepare airootfs.sfs for dm-snapshot usage"
-    echo "                     sfs: prepare airootfs.sfs for overlayfs usage"
-    echo "                     Default: ${sfs_mode}"
-    echo "    -c <comp_type>   Set SquashFS compression type (gzip, lzma, lzo, xz, zstd)"
-    echo "                     Default: '${sfs_comp}'"
-    echo "    -v               Enable verbose output"
-    echo "    -h               This message"
-    echo " commands:"
-    echo "   init"
-    echo "      Make base layout and install base group"
-    echo "   install"
-    echo "      Install all specified packages (-p)"
-    echo "   run"
-    echo "      run command specified by -r"
-    echo "   prepare"
-    echo "      build all images"
-    echo "   pkglist"
-    echo "      make a pkglist.txt of packages installed on airootfs"
-    echo "   iso <image name>"
-    echo "      build an iso image from the working dir"
-    exit "${1}"
+# Create a squashfs image containing the root file system and saves it on the ISO 9660 file system.
+_mkairootfs_squashfs() {
+    [[ -e "${pacstrap_dir}" ]] || _msg_error "The path '${pacstrap_dir}' does not exist" 1
+
+    install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/${arch}"
+    _msg_info "Creating SquashFS image, this may take some time..."
+    _run_mksquashfs "${pacstrap_dir}"
 }
 
-# Shows configuration according to command mode.
-# $1: init | install | run | prepare | iso
-_show_config () {
-    local _mode="$1"
-    echo
-    _msg_info "Configuration settings"
-    _msg_info "                  Command:   ${command_name}"
-    _msg_info "             Architecture:   ${arch}"
-    _msg_info "        Working directory:   ${work_dir}"
-    _msg_info "   Installation directory:   ${install_dir}"
-    case "${_mode}" in
-        init)
-            _msg_info "       Pacman config file:   ${pacman_conf}"
-            ;;
-        install)
-            _msg_info "       Pacman config file:   ${pacman_conf}"
-            _msg_info "                 Packages:   ${pkg_list[*]}"
-            ;;
-        run)
-            _msg_info "              Run command:   ${run_cmd}"
-            ;;
-        prepare)
-            ;;
-        pkglist)
-            ;;
-        iso)
-            _msg_info "               Image name:   ${img_name}"
-            _msg_info "               Disk label:   ${iso_label}"
-            _msg_info "           Disk publisher:   ${iso_publisher}"
-            _msg_info "         Disk application:   ${iso_application}"
-            ;;
-    esac
-    echo
+# Create an EROFS image containing the root file system and saves it on the ISO 9660 file system.
+_mkairootfs_erofs() {
+    local fsuuid mkfs_erofs_options=()
+    [[ -e "${pacstrap_dir}" ]] || _msg_error "The path '${pacstrap_dir}' does not exist" 1
+
+    install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/${arch}"
+    local image_path="${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/${arch}/airootfs.erofs"
+    rm -f -- "${image_path}"
+    [[ ! "${quiet}" == "y" ]] || mkfs_erofs_options+=('--quiet')
+    # Generate reproducible file system UUID from SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH
+    fsuuid="$(uuidgen --sha1 --namespace 93a870ff-8565-4cf3-a67b-f47299271a96 --name "${SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH}")"
+    mkfs_erofs_options+=('-U' "${fsuuid}" "${airootfs_image_tool_options[@]}")
+    _msg_info "Creating EROFS image, this may take some time..."
+    mkfs.erofs "${mkfs_erofs_options[@]}" -- "${image_path}" "${pacstrap_dir}"
+    _msg_info "Done!"
 }
 
-# Install desired packages to airootfs
-_pacman ()
-{
-    _msg_info "Installing packages to '${work_dir}/airootfs/'..."
+# Create checksum file for the rootfs image.
+_mkchecksum() {
+    _msg_info "Creating checksum file for self-test..."
+    cd -- "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/${arch}"
+    if [[ -e "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/${arch}/airootfs.sfs" ]]; then
+        sha512sum airootfs.sfs > airootfs.sha512
+    elif [[ -e "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/${arch}/airootfs.erofs" ]]; then
+        sha512sum airootfs.erofs > airootfs.sha512
+    fi
+    cd -- "${OLDPWD}"
+    _msg_info "Done!"
+}
 
-    if [[ "${quiet}" = "y" ]]; then
-        pacstrap -C "${pacman_conf}" -c -G -M "${work_dir}/airootfs" "$@" &> /dev/null
-    else
-        pacstrap -C "${pacman_conf}" -c -G -M "${work_dir}/airootfs" "$@"
+# GPG sign the root file system image.
+_mksignature() {
+    local airootfs_image_filename gpg_options=()
+    _msg_info "Signing rootfs image..."
+    if [[ -e "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/${arch}/airootfs.sfs" ]]; then
+        airootfs_image_filename="${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/${arch}/airootfs.sfs"
+    elif [[ -e "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/${arch}/airootfs.erofs" ]]; then
+        airootfs_image_filename="${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/${arch}/airootfs.erofs"
     fi
+    rm -f -- "${airootfs_image_filename}.sig"
+    # Add gpg sender option if the value is provided
+    [[ -z "${gpg_sender}" ]] || gpg_options+=('--sender' "${gpg_sender}")
+    # always use the .sig file extension, as that is what mkinitcpio-archiso's hooks expect
+    gpg --batch --no-armor --no-include-key-block --output "${airootfs_image_filename}.sig" --detach-sign \
+        --default-key "${gpg_key}" "${gpg_options[@]}" "${airootfs_image_filename}"
+    _msg_info "Done!"
+}
 
-    _msg_info "Packages installed successfully!"
+# Helper function to run functions only one time.
+# $1: function name
+_run_once() {
+    if [[ ! -e "${work_dir}/${run_once_mode}.${1}" ]]; then
+        "$1"
+        touch "${work_dir}/${run_once_mode}.${1}"
+    fi
 }
 
-# Cleanup airootfs
-_cleanup () {
-    _msg_info "Cleaning up what we can on airootfs..."
+# Set up custom pacman.conf with custom cache and pacman hook directories.
+_make_pacman_conf() {
+    local _cache_dirs _system_cache_dirs _profile_cache_dirs
+    _system_cache_dirs="$(pacman-conf CacheDir| tr '\n' ' ')"
+    _profile_cache_dirs="$(pacman-conf --config "${pacman_conf}" CacheDir| tr '\n' ' ')"
 
-    # Delete initcpio image(s)
-    if [[ -d "${work_dir}/airootfs/boot" ]]; then
-        find "${work_dir}/airootfs/boot" -type f -name '*.img' -delete
+    # Only use the profile's CacheDir, if it is not the default and not the same as the system cache dir.
+    if [[ "${_profile_cache_dirs}" != "/var/cache/pacman/pkg" ]] && \
+        [[ "${_system_cache_dirs}" != "${_profile_cache_dirs}" ]]; then
+        _cache_dirs="${_profile_cache_dirs}"
+    else
+        _cache_dirs="${_system_cache_dirs}"
     fi
-    # Delete kernel(s)
-    if [[ -d "${work_dir}/airootfs/boot" ]]; then
-        find "${work_dir}/airootfs/boot" -type f -name 'vmlinuz*' -delete
+
+    _msg_info "Copying custom pacman.conf to work directory..."
+    _msg_info "Using pacman CacheDir: ${_cache_dirs}"
+    # take the profile pacman.conf and strip all settings that would break in chroot when using pacman -r
+    # append CacheDir and HookDir to [options] section
+    # HookDir is *always* set to the airootfs' override directory
+    # see `man 8 pacman` for further info
+    pacman-conf --config "${pacman_conf}" | \
+        sed "/CacheDir/d;/DBPath/d;/HookDir/d;/LogFile/d;/RootDir/d;/\[options\]/a CacheDir = ${_cache_dirs}
+        /\[options\]/a HookDir = ${pacstrap_dir}/etc/pacman.d/hooks/" > "${work_dir}/${buildmode}.pacman.conf"
+}
+
+# Prepare working directory and copy custom root file system files.
+_make_custom_airootfs() {
+    local passwd=()
+    local filename permissions
+
+    install -d -m 0755 -o 0 -g 0 -- "${pacstrap_dir}"
+
+    if [[ -d "${profile}/airootfs" ]]; then
+        _msg_info "Copying custom airootfs files..."
+        cp -af --no-preserve=ownership,mode -- "${profile}/airootfs/." "${pacstrap_dir}"
+        # Set ownership and mode for files and directories
+        for filename in "${!file_permissions[@]}"; do
+            IFS=':' read -ra permissions <<< "${file_permissions["${filename}"]}"
+            # Prevent file path traversal outside of $pacstrap_dir
+            if [[ "$(realpath -q -- "${pacstrap_dir}${filename}")" != "${pacstrap_dir}"* ]]; then
+                _msg_error "Failed to set permissions on '${pacstrap_dir}${filename}'. Outside of valid path." 1
+            # Warn if the file does not exist
+            elif [[ ! -e "${pacstrap_dir}${filename}" ]]; then
+                _msg_warning "Cannot change permissions of '${pacstrap_dir}${filename}'. The file or directory does not exist."
+            else
+                if [[ "${filename: -1}" == "/" ]]; then
+                    chown -fhR -- "${permissions[0]}:${permissions[1]}" "${pacstrap_dir}${filename}"
+                    chmod -fR -- "${permissions[2]}" "${pacstrap_dir}${filename}"
+                else
+                    chown -fh -- "${permissions[0]}:${permissions[1]}" "${pacstrap_dir}${filename}"
+                    chmod -f -- "${permissions[2]}" "${pacstrap_dir}${filename}"
+                fi
+            fi
+        done
+        _msg_info "Done!"
     fi
-    # Delete pacman database sync cache files (*.tar.gz)
-    if [[ -d "${work_dir}/airootfs/var/lib/pacman" ]]; then
-        find "${work_dir}/airootfs/var/lib/pacman" -maxdepth 1 -type f -delete
+}
+
+# Install desired packages to the root file system
+_make_packages() {
+    _msg_info "Installing packages to '${pacstrap_dir}/'..."
+
+    if [[ -n "${gpg_key}" ]]; then
+        exec {ARCHISO_GNUPG_FD}<>"${work_dir}/pubkey.gpg"
+        export ARCHISO_GNUPG_FD
     fi
-    # Delete pacman database sync cache
-    if [[ -d "${work_dir}/airootfs/var/lib/pacman/sync" ]]; then
-        find "${work_dir}/airootfs/var/lib/pacman/sync" -delete
+
+    # Unset TMPDIR to work around https://bugs.archlinux.org/task/70580
+    if [[ "${quiet}" = "y" ]]; then
+        env -u TMPDIR pacstrap -C "${work_dir}/${buildmode}.pacman.conf" -c -G -M -- "${pacstrap_dir}" "${buildmode_pkg_list[@]}" &> /dev/null
+    else
+        env -u TMPDIR pacstrap -C "${work_dir}/${buildmode}.pacman.conf" -c -G -M -- "${pacstrap_dir}" "${buildmode_pkg_list[@]}"
     fi
-    # Delete pacman package cache
-    if [[ -d "${work_dir}/airootfs/var/cache/pacman/pkg" ]]; then
-        find "${work_dir}/airootfs/var/cache/pacman/pkg" -type f -delete
+
+    if [[ -n "${gpg_key}" ]]; then
+        exec {ARCHISO_GNUPG_FD}<&-
+        unset ARCHISO_GNUPG_FD
     fi
-    # Delete all log files, keeps empty dirs.
-    if [[ -d "${work_dir}/airootfs/var/log" ]]; then
-        find "${work_dir}/airootfs/var/log" -type f -delete
+
+    _msg_info "Done! Packages installed successfully."
+}
+
+# Customize installation.
+_make_customize_airootfs() {
+    local passwd=()
+
+    if [[ -e "${profile}/airootfs/etc/passwd" ]]; then
+        _msg_info "Copying /etc/skel/* to user homes..."
+        while IFS=':' read -a passwd -r; do
+            # Only operate on UIDs in range 1000–59999
+            (( passwd[2] >= 1000 && passwd[2] < 60000 )) || continue
+            # Skip invalid home directories
+            [[ "${passwd[5]}" == '/' ]] && continue
+            [[ -z "${passwd[5]}" ]] && continue
+            # Prevent path traversal outside of $pacstrap_dir
+            if [[ "$(realpath -q -- "${pacstrap_dir}${passwd[5]}")" == "${pacstrap_dir}"* ]]; then
+                if [[ ! -d "${pacstrap_dir}${passwd[5]}" ]]; then
+                    install -d -m 0750 -o "${passwd[2]}" -g "${passwd[3]}" -- "${pacstrap_dir}${passwd[5]}"
+                fi
+                cp -dnRT --preserve=mode,timestamps,links -- "${pacstrap_dir}/etc/skel/." "${pacstrap_dir}${passwd[5]}"
+                chmod -f 0750 -- "${pacstrap_dir}${passwd[5]}"
+                chown -hR -- "${passwd[2]}:${passwd[3]}" "${pacstrap_dir}${passwd[5]}"
+            else
+                _msg_error "Failed to set permissions on '${pacstrap_dir}${passwd[5]}'. Outside of valid path." 1
+            fi
+        done < "${profile}/airootfs/etc/passwd"
+        _msg_info "Done!"
     fi
-    # Delete all temporary files and dirs
-    if [[ -d "${work_dir}/airootfs/var/tmp" ]]; then
-        find "${work_dir}/airootfs/var/tmp" -mindepth 1 -delete
+
+    if [[ -e "${pacstrap_dir}/root/customize_airootfs.sh" ]]; then
+        _msg_info "Running customize_airootfs.sh in '${pacstrap_dir}' chroot..."
+        _msg_warning "customize_airootfs.sh is deprecated! Support for it will be removed in a future archiso version."
+        chmod -f -- +x "${pacstrap_dir}/root/customize_airootfs.sh"
+        # Unset TMPDIR to work around https://bugs.archlinux.org/task/70580
+        eval -- env -u TMPDIR arch-chroot "${pacstrap_dir}" "/root/customize_airootfs.sh"
+        rm -- "${pacstrap_dir}/root/customize_airootfs.sh"
+        _msg_info "Done! customize_airootfs.sh run successfully."
     fi
-    # Delete package pacman related files.
-    find "${work_dir}" \( -name "*.pacnew" -o -name "*.pacsave" -o -name "*.pacorig" \) -delete
+}
+
+# Set up boot loaders
+_make_bootmodes() {
+    local bootmode
+    for bootmode in "${bootmodes[@]}"; do
+        _run_once "_make_bootmode_${bootmode}"
+    done
+}
+
+# Copy kernel and initramfs to ISO 9660
+_make_boot_on_iso9660() {
+    local ucode_image
+    _msg_info "Preparing kernel and initramfs for the ISO 9660 file system..."
+    install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/boot/${arch}"
+    install -m 0644 -- "${pacstrap_dir}/boot/initramfs-"*".img" "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/boot/${arch}/"
+    install -m 0644 -- "${pacstrap_dir}/boot/vmlinuz-"* "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/boot/${arch}/"
+
+    for ucode_image in "${ucodes[@]}"; do
+        if [[ -e "${pacstrap_dir}/boot/${ucode_image}" ]]; then
+            install -m 0644 -- "${pacstrap_dir}/boot/${ucode_image}" "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/boot/"
+            if [[ -e "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/share/licenses/${ucode_image%.*}/" ]]; then
+                install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/boot/licenses/${ucode_image%.*}/"
+                install -m 0644 -- "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/share/licenses/${ucode_image%.*}/"* \
+                    "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/boot/licenses/${ucode_image%.*}/"
+            fi
+        fi
+    done
     _msg_info "Done!"
 }
 
-# Makes a ext4 filesystem inside a SquashFS from a source directory.
-_mkairootfs_img () {
-    if [[ ! -e "${work_dir}/airootfs" ]]; then
-        _msg_error "The path '${work_dir}/airootfs' does not exist" 1
+# Prepare syslinux for booting from MBR (isohybrid)
+_make_bootmode_bios.syslinux.mbr() {
+    _msg_info "Setting up SYSLINUX for BIOS booting from a disk..."
+    install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/syslinux"
+    for _cfg in "${profile}/syslinux/"*.cfg; do
+        sed "s|%ARCHISO_LABEL%|${iso_label}|g;
+             s|%INSTALL_DIR%|${install_dir}|g;
+             s|%ARCH%|${arch}|g" \
+             "${_cfg}" > "${isofs_dir}/syslinux/${_cfg##*/}"
+    done
+    if [[ -e "${profile}/syslinux/splash.png" ]]; then
+        install -m 0644 -- "${profile}/syslinux/splash.png" "${isofs_dir}/syslinux/"
     fi
+    install -m 0644 -- "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/lib/syslinux/bios/"*.c32 "${isofs_dir}/syslinux/"
+    install -m 0644 -- "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/lib/syslinux/bios/lpxelinux.0" "${isofs_dir}/syslinux/"
+    install -m 0644 -- "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/lib/syslinux/bios/memdisk" "${isofs_dir}/syslinux/"
 
-    _msg_info "Creating ext4 image of 32GiB..."
-    truncate -s 32G "${work_dir}/airootfs.img"
-    local _qflag=""
-    if [[ "${quiet}" == "y" ]]; then
-        _qflag="-q"
+    _run_once _make_boot_on_iso9660
+
+    if [[ -e "${isofs_dir}/syslinux/hdt.c32" ]]; then
+        install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/syslinux/hdt"
+        if [[ -e "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/share/hwdata/pci.ids" ]]; then
+            gzip -cn9 "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/share/hwdata/pci.ids" > \
+                "${isofs_dir}/syslinux/hdt/pciids.gz"
+        fi
+        find "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/lib/modules" -name 'modules.alias' -print -exec gzip -cn9 '{}' ';' -quit > \
+            "${isofs_dir}/syslinux/hdt/modalias.gz"
+    fi
+
+    # Add other aditional/extra files to ${install_dir}/boot/
+    if [[ -e "${pacstrap_dir}/boot/memtest86+/memtest.bin" ]]; then
+        # rename for PXE: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Syslinux#Using_memtest
+        install -m 0644 -- "${pacstrap_dir}/boot/memtest86+/memtest.bin" "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/boot/memtest"
+        install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/boot/licenses/memtest86+/"
+        install -m 0644 -- "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/share/licenses/common/GPL2/license.txt" \
+            "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/boot/licenses/memtest86+/"
+    fi
+    _msg_info "Done! SYSLINUX set up for BIOS booting from a disk successfully."
+}
+
+# Prepare syslinux for El-Torito booting
+_make_bootmode_bios.syslinux.eltorito() {
+    _msg_info "Setting up SYSLINUX for BIOS booting from an optical disc..."
+    install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/syslinux"
+    install -m 0644 -- "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/lib/syslinux/bios/isolinux.bin" "${isofs_dir}/syslinux/"
+    install -m 0644 -- "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/lib/syslinux/bios/isohdpfx.bin" "${isofs_dir}/syslinux/"
+
+    # ISOLINUX and SYSLINUX installation is shared
+    _run_once _make_bootmode_bios.syslinux.mbr
+
+    _msg_info "Done! SYSLINUX set up for BIOS booting from an optical disc successfully."
+}
+
+# Copy kernel and initramfs to FAT image
+_make_boot_on_fat() {
+    local ucode_image all_ucode_images=()
+    _msg_info "Preparing kernel and initramfs for the FAT file system..."
+    mmd -i "${work_dir}/efiboot.img" \
+        "::/${install_dir}" "::/${install_dir}/boot" "::/${install_dir}/boot/${arch}"
+    mcopy -i "${work_dir}/efiboot.img" "${pacstrap_dir}/boot/vmlinuz-"* \
+        "${pacstrap_dir}/boot/initramfs-"*".img" "::/${install_dir}/boot/${arch}/"
+    for ucode_image in "${ucodes[@]}"; do
+        if [[ -e "${pacstrap_dir}/boot/${ucode_image}" ]]; then
+            all_ucode_images+=("${pacstrap_dir}/boot/${ucode_image}")
+        fi
+    done
+    if (( ${#all_ucode_images[@]} )); then
+        mcopy -i "${work_dir}/efiboot.img" "${all_ucode_images[@]}" "::/${install_dir}/boot/"
     fi
-    mkfs.ext4 ${_qflag} -O ^has_journal,^resize_inode -E lazy_itable_init=0 -m 0 -F "${work_dir}/airootfs.img"
-    tune2fs -c 0 -i 0 "${work_dir}/airootfs.img" &> /dev/null
-    _msg_info "Done!"
-    _mount_airootfs
-    _msg_info "Copying '${work_dir}/airootfs/' to '${work_dir}/mnt/airootfs/'..."
-    cp -aT "${work_dir}/airootfs/" "${work_dir}/mnt/airootfs/"
-    chown root:root "${work_dir}/mnt/airootfs/"
     _msg_info "Done!"
-    _umount_airootfs
-    mkdir -p "${work_dir}/iso/${install_dir}/${arch}"
-    _msg_info "Creating SquashFS image, this may take some time..."
-    if [[ "${quiet}" = "y" ]]; then
-        mksquashfs "${work_dir}/airootfs.img" "${work_dir}/iso/${install_dir}/${arch}/airootfs.sfs" -noappend \
-            -comp "${sfs_comp}" -no-progress &> /dev/null
+}
+
+# Create a FAT image (efiboot.img) which will serve as the EFI system partition
+# $1: image size in bytes
+_make_efibootimg() {
+    local imgsize="0"
+
+    # Convert from bytes to KiB and round up to the next full MiB with an additional MiB for reserved sectors.
+    imgsize="$(awk 'function ceil(x){return int(x)+(x>int(x))}
+            function byte_to_kib(x){return x/1024}
+            function mib_to_kib(x){return x*1024}
+            END {print mib_to_kib(ceil((byte_to_kib($1)+1024)/1024))}' <<< "${1}"
+    )"
+    # The FAT image must be created with mkfs.fat not mformat, as some systems have issues with mformat made images:
+    # https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/grub-devel/2019-04/msg00099.html
+    rm -f -- "${work_dir}/efiboot.img"
+    _msg_info "Creating FAT image of size: ${imgsize} KiB..."
+    if [[ "${quiet}" == "y" ]]; then
+        # mkfs.fat does not have a -q/--quiet option, so redirect stdout to /dev/null instead
+        # https://github.com/dosfstools/dosfstools/issues/103
+        mkfs.fat -C -n ARCHISO_EFI "${work_dir}/efiboot.img" "${imgsize}" > /dev/null
     else
-        mksquashfs "${work_dir}/airootfs.img" "${work_dir}/iso/${install_dir}/${arch}/airootfs.sfs" -noappend \
-            -comp "${sfs_comp}" -no-progress
+        mkfs.fat -C -n ARCHISO_EFI "${work_dir}/efiboot.img" "${imgsize}"
+    fi
+
+    # Create the default/fallback boot path in which a boot loaders will be placed later.
+    mmd -i "${work_dir}/efiboot.img" ::/EFI ::/EFI/BOOT
+}
+
+# Prepare system-boot for booting when written to a disk (isohybrid)
+_make_bootmode_uefi-x64.systemd-boot.esp() {
+    local _file efiboot_imgsize
+    local _available_ucodes=()
+    _msg_info "Setting up systemd-boot for UEFI booting..."
+
+    for _file in "${ucodes[@]}"; do
+        if [[ -e "${pacstrap_dir}/boot/${_file}" ]]; then
+            _available_ucodes+=("${pacstrap_dir}/boot/${_file}")
+        fi
+    done
+    # Calculate the required FAT image size in bytes
+    efiboot_imgsize="$(du -bc \
+        "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/lib/systemd/boot/efi/systemd-bootx64.efi" \
+        "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/share/edk2-shell/x64/Shell_Full.efi" \
+        "${profile}/efiboot/" \
+        "${pacstrap_dir}/boot/vmlinuz-"* \
+        "${pacstrap_dir}/boot/initramfs-"*".img" \
+        "${_available_ucodes[@]}" \
+        2>/dev/null | awk 'END { print $1 }')"
+    # Create a FAT image for the EFI system partition
+    _make_efibootimg "$efiboot_imgsize"
+
+    # Copy systemd-boot EFI binary to the default/fallback boot path
+    mcopy -i "${work_dir}/efiboot.img" \
+        "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/lib/systemd/boot/efi/systemd-bootx64.efi" ::/EFI/BOOT/BOOTx64.EFI
+
+    # Copy systemd-boot configuration files
+    mmd -i "${work_dir}/efiboot.img" ::/loader ::/loader/entries
+    mcopy -i "${work_dir}/efiboot.img" "${profile}/efiboot/loader/loader.conf" ::/loader/
+    for _conf in "${profile}/efiboot/loader/entries/"*".conf"; do
+        sed "s|%ARCHISO_LABEL%|${iso_label}|g;
+             s|%INSTALL_DIR%|${install_dir}|g;
+             s|%ARCH%|${arch}|g" \
+            "${_conf}" | mcopy -i "${work_dir}/efiboot.img" - "::/loader/entries/${_conf##*/}"
+    done
+
+    # shellx64.efi is picked up automatically when on /
+    if [[ -e "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/share/edk2-shell/x64/Shell_Full.efi" ]]; then
+        mcopy -i "${work_dir}/efiboot.img" \
+            "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/share/edk2-shell/x64/Shell_Full.efi" ::/shellx64.efi
+    fi
+
+    # Copy kernel and initramfs to FAT image.
+    # systemd-boot can only access files from the EFI system partition it was launched from.
+    _make_boot_on_fat
+
+    _msg_info "Done! systemd-boot set up for UEFI booting successfully."
+}
+
+# Prepare system-boot for El Torito booting
+_make_bootmode_uefi-x64.systemd-boot.eltorito() {
+    # El Torito UEFI boot requires an image containing the EFI system partition.
+    # uefi-x64.systemd-boot.eltorito has the same requirements as uefi-x64.systemd-boot.esp
+    _run_once _make_bootmode_uefi-x64.systemd-boot.esp
+
+    # Additionally set up system-boot in ISO 9660. This allows creating a medium for the live environment by using
+    # manual partitioning and simply copying the ISO 9660 file system contents.
+    # This is not related to El Torito booting and no firmware uses these files.
+    _msg_info "Preparing an /EFI directory for the ISO 9660 file system..."
+    install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/EFI/BOOT"
+
+    # Copy systemd-boot EFI binary to the default/fallback boot path
+    install -m 0644 -- "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/lib/systemd/boot/efi/systemd-bootx64.efi" \
+        "${isofs_dir}/EFI/BOOT/BOOTx64.EFI"
+
+    # Copy systemd-boot configuration files
+    install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/loader/entries"
+    install -m 0644 -- "${profile}/efiboot/loader/loader.conf" "${isofs_dir}/loader/"
+    for _conf in "${profile}/efiboot/loader/entries/"*".conf"; do
+        sed "s|%ARCHISO_LABEL%|${iso_label}|g;
+             s|%INSTALL_DIR%|${install_dir}|g;
+             s|%ARCH%|${arch}|g" \
+            "${_conf}" > "${isofs_dir}/loader/entries/${_conf##*/}"
+    done
+
+    # edk2-shell based UEFI shell
+    # shellx64.efi is picked up automatically when on /
+    if [[ -e "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/share/edk2-shell/x64/Shell_Full.efi" ]]; then
+        install -m 0644 -- "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/share/edk2-shell/x64/Shell_Full.efi" "${isofs_dir}/shellx64.efi"
     fi
+
     _msg_info "Done!"
-    rm "${work_dir}/airootfs.img"
 }
 
-# Makes a SquashFS filesystem from a source directory.
-_mkairootfs_sfs () {
-    if [[ ! -e "${work_dir}/airootfs" ]]; then
-        _msg_error "The path '${work_dir}/airootfs' does not exist" 1
+_validate_requirements_bootmode_bios.syslinux.mbr() {
+    # bios.syslinux.mbr requires bios.syslinux.eltorito
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2076
+    if [[ ! " ${bootmodes[*]} " =~ ' bios.syslinux.eltorito ' ]]; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Using 'bios.syslinux.mbr' boot mode without 'bios.syslinux.eltorito' is not supported." 0
     fi
 
-    mkdir -p "${work_dir}/iso/${install_dir}/${arch}"
-    _msg_info "Creating SquashFS image, this may take some time..."
-    if [[ "${quiet}" = "y" ]]; then
-        mksquashfs "${work_dir}/airootfs" "${work_dir}/iso/${install_dir}/${arch}/airootfs.sfs" -noappend \
-            -comp "${sfs_comp}" -no-progress &> /dev/null
+    # Check if the syslinux package is in the package list
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2076
+    if [[ ! " ${pkg_list[*]} " =~ ' syslinux ' ]]; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating '${bootmode}': The 'syslinux' package is missing from the package list!" 0
+    fi
+
+    # Check if syslinux configuration files exist
+    if [[ ! -d "${profile}/syslinux" ]]; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating '${bootmode}': The '${profile}/syslinux' directory is missing!" 0
     else
-        mksquashfs "${work_dir}/airootfs" "${work_dir}/iso/${install_dir}/${arch}/airootfs.sfs" -noappend \
-            -comp "${sfs_comp}" -no-progress
+        local cfgfile
+        for cfgfile in "${profile}/syslinux/"*'.cfg'; do
+            if [[ -e "${cfgfile}" ]]; then
+                break
+            else
+                (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+                _msg_error "Validating '${bootmode}': No configuration file found in '${profile}/syslinux/'!" 0
+            fi
+        done
+    fi
+
+    # Check for optional packages
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2076
+    if [[ ! " ${pkg_list[*]} " =~ ' memtest86+ ' ]]; then
+        _msg_info "Validating '${bootmode}': 'memtest86+' is not in the package list. Memmory testing will not be available from syslinux."
     fi
-    _msg_info "Done!"
 }
 
-_mkchecksum () {
-    _msg_info "Creating checksum file for self-test..."
-    cd "${work_dir}/iso/${install_dir}/${arch}"
-    sha512sum airootfs.sfs > airootfs.sha512
-    cd "${OLDPWD}"
+_validate_requirements_bootmode_bios.syslinux.eltorito() {
+    # bios.syslinux.eltorito has the exact same requirements as bios.syslinux.mbr
+    _validate_requirements_bootmode_bios.syslinux.mbr
+}
+
+_validate_requirements_bootmode_uefi-x64.systemd-boot.esp() {
+    # Check if mkfs.fat is available
+    if ! command -v mkfs.fat &> /dev/null; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating '${bootmode}': mkfs.fat is not available on this host. Install 'dosfstools'!" 0
+    fi
+
+    # Check if mmd and mcopy are available
+    if ! { command -v mmd &> /dev/null && command -v mcopy &> /dev/null; }; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating '${bootmode}': mmd and/or mcopy are not available on this host. Install 'mtools'!" 0
+    fi
+
+    # Check if systemd-boot configuration files exist
+    if [[ ! -d "${profile}/efiboot/loader/entries" ]]; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating '${bootmode}': The '${profile}/efiboot/loader/entries' directory is missing!" 0
+    else
+        if [[ ! -e "${profile}/efiboot/loader/loader.conf" ]]; then
+            (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+            _msg_error "Validating '${bootmode}': File '${profile}/efiboot/loader/loader.conf' not found!" 0
+        fi
+        local conffile
+        for conffile in "${profile}/efiboot/loader/entries/"*'.conf'; do
+            if [[ -e "${conffile}" ]]; then
+                break
+            else
+                (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+                _msg_error "Validating '${bootmode}': No configuration file found in '${profile}/efiboot/loader/entries/'!" 0
+            fi
+        done
+    fi
+
+    # Check for optional packages
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2076
+    if [[ ! " ${pkg_list[*]} " =~ ' edk2-shell ' ]]; then
+        _msg_info "'edk2-shell' is not in the package list. The ISO will not contain a bootable UEFI shell."
+    fi
+}
+
+_validate_requirements_bootmode_uefi-x64.systemd-boot.eltorito() {
+    # uefi-x64.systemd-boot.eltorito has the exact same requirements as uefi-x64.systemd-boot.esp
+    _validate_requirements_bootmode_uefi-x64.systemd-boot.esp
+}
+
+# Build airootfs filesystem image
+_prepare_airootfs_image() {
+    _run_once "_mkairootfs_${airootfs_image_type}"
+    _mkchecksum
+    if [[ -n "${gpg_key}" ]]; then
+        _mksignature
+    fi
+}
+
+# export build artifacts for netboot
+_export_netboot_artifacts() {
+    _msg_info "Exporting netboot artifacts..."
+    install -d -m 0755 "${out_dir}"
+    cp -a -- "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/" "${out_dir}/"
     _msg_info "Done!"
+    du -hs -- "${out_dir}/${install_dir}"
 }
 
-_mksignature () {
-    _msg_info "Creating signature file..."
-    cd "${work_dir}/iso/${install_dir}/${arch}"
-    gpg --detach-sign --default-key "${gpg_key}" airootfs.sfs
-    cd "${OLDPWD}"
+# sign build artifacts for netboot
+_sign_netboot_artifacts() {
+    local _file _dir
+    local _files_to_sign=()
+    _msg_info "Signing netboot artifacts..."
+    _dir="${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/boot/"
+    for _file in "${ucodes[@]}"; do
+        if [[ -e "${_dir}${_file}" ]]; then
+            _files_to_sign+=("${_dir}${_file}")
+        fi
+    done
+    for _file in "${_files_to_sign[@]}" "${_dir}${arch}/vmlinuz-"* "${_dir}${arch}/initramfs-"*.img; do
+        openssl cms \
+            -sign \
+            -binary \
+            -noattr \
+            -in "${_file}" \
+            -signer "${cert_list[0]}" \
+            -inkey "${cert_list[1]}" \
+            -outform DER \
+            -out "${_file}".ipxe.sig
+    done
     _msg_info "Done!"
 }
 
-command_pkglist () {
-    _show_config pkglist
+_validate_requirements_airootfs_image_type_squashfs() {
+    if ! command -v mksquashfs &> /dev/null; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating '${airootfs_image_type}': mksquashfs is not available on this host. Install 'squashfs-tools'!" 0
+    fi
+}
 
-    _msg_info "Creating a list of installed packages on live-enviroment..."
-    pacman -Q --sysroot "${work_dir}/airootfs" > \
-        "${work_dir}/iso/${install_dir}/pkglist.${arch}.txt"
-    _msg_info "Done!"
+_validate_requirements_airootfs_image_type_ext4+squashfs() {
+    if ! { command -v mkfs.ext4 &> /dev/null && command -v tune2fs &> /dev/null; }; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating '${airootfs_image_type}': mkfs.ext4 and/or tune2fs is not available on this host. Install 'e2fsprogs'!" 0
+    fi
+    _validate_requirements_airootfs_image_type_squashfs
+}
 
+_validate_requirements_airootfs_image_type_erofs() {
+    if ! command -v mkfs.erofs &> /dev/null; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating '${airootfs_image_type}': mkfs.erofs is not available on this host. Install 'erofs-utils'!" 0
+    fi
 }
 
-# Create an ISO9660 filesystem from "iso" directory.
-command_iso () {
-    local _iso_efi_boot_args=()
+_validate_common_requirements_buildmode_all() {
+    if ! command -v pacman &> /dev/null; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating build mode '${_buildmode}': pacman is not available on this host. Install 'pacman'!" 0
+    fi
+    if ! command -v find &> /dev/null; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating build mode '${_buildmode}': find is not available on this host. Install 'findutils'!" 0
+    fi
+    if ! command -v gzip &> /dev/null; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating build mode '${_buildmode}': gzip is not available on this host. Install 'gzip'!" 0
+    fi
+}
+
+_validate_requirements_buildmode_bootstrap() {
+    local bootstrap_pkg_list_from_file=()
+
+    # Check if packages for the bootstrap image are specified
+    if [[ -e "${bootstrap_packages}" ]]; then
+        mapfile -t bootstrap_pkg_list_from_file < \
+            <(sed '/^[[:blank:]]*#.*/d;s/#.*//;/^[[:blank:]]*$/d' "${bootstrap_packages}")
+        bootstrap_pkg_list+=("${bootstrap_pkg_list_from_file[@]}")
+        if (( ${#bootstrap_pkg_list_from_file[@]} < 1 )); then
+            (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+            _msg_error "No package specified in '${bootstrap_packages}'." 0
+        fi
+    else
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Bootstrap packages file '${bootstrap_packages}' does not exist." 0
+    fi
+
+    _validate_common_requirements_buildmode_all
+    if ! command -v bsdtar &> /dev/null; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating build mode '${_buildmode}': bsdtar is not available on this host. Install 'libarchive'!" 0
+    fi
+}
+
+_validate_common_requirements_buildmode_iso_netboot() {
+    local bootmode
+    local pkg_list_from_file=()
 
-    if [[ ! -f "${work_dir}/iso/isolinux/isolinux.bin" ]]; then
-         _msg_error "The file '${work_dir}/iso/isolinux/isolinux.bin' does not exist." 1
+    # Check if the package list file exists and read packages from it
+    if [[ -e "${packages}" ]]; then
+        mapfile -t pkg_list_from_file < <(sed '/^[[:blank:]]*#.*/d;s/#.*//;/^[[:blank:]]*$/d' "${packages}")
+        pkg_list+=("${pkg_list_from_file[@]}")
+        if (( ${#pkg_list_from_file[@]} < 1 )); then
+            (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+            _msg_error "No package specified in '${packages}'." 0
+        fi
+    else
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Packages file '${packages}' does not exist." 0
     fi
-    if [[ ! -f "${work_dir}/iso/isolinux/isohdpfx.bin" ]]; then
-         _msg_error "The file '${work_dir}/iso/isolinux/isohdpfx.bin' does not exist." 1
+
+    # Check if the specified airootfs_image_type is supported
+    if typeset -f "_mkairootfs_${airootfs_image_type}" &> /dev/null; then
+        if typeset -f "_validate_requirements_airootfs_image_type_${airootfs_image_type}" &> /dev/null; then
+            "_validate_requirements_airootfs_image_type_${airootfs_image_type}"
+        else
+            _msg_warning "Function '_validate_requirements_airootfs_image_type_${airootfs_image_type}' does not exist. Validating the requirements of '${airootfs_image_type}' airootfs image type will not be possible."
+        fi
+    else
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Unsupported image type: '${airootfs_image_type}'" 0
     fi
+}
 
-    # If exists, add an EFI "El Torito" boot image (FAT filesystem) to ISO-9660 image.
-    if [[ -f "${work_dir}/iso/EFI/archiso/efiboot.img" ]]; then
-        _iso_efi_boot_args+=(
+_validate_requirements_buildmode_iso() {
+    _validate_common_requirements_buildmode_iso_netboot
+    _validate_common_requirements_buildmode_all
+    # Check if the specified bootmodes are supported
+    if (( ${#bootmodes[@]} < 1 )); then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "No boot modes specified in '${profile}/profiledef.sh'." 0
+    fi
+    for bootmode in "${bootmodes[@]}"; do
+        if typeset -f "_make_bootmode_${bootmode}" &> /dev/null; then
+            if typeset -f "_validate_requirements_bootmode_${bootmode}" &> /dev/null; then
+                "_validate_requirements_bootmode_${bootmode}"
+            else
+                _msg_warning "Function '_validate_requirements_bootmode_${bootmode}' does not exist. Validating the requirements of '${bootmode}' boot mode will not be possible."
+            fi
+        else
+            (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+            _msg_error "${bootmode} is not a valid boot mode!" 0
+        fi
+    done
+
+    if ! command -v awk &> /dev/null; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating build mode '${_buildmode}': awk is not available on this host. Install 'awk'!" 0
+    fi
+}
+
+_validate_requirements_buildmode_netboot() {
+    local _override_cert_list=()
+
+    if [[ "${sign_netboot_artifacts}" == "y" ]]; then
+        # Check if the certificate files exist
+        for _cert in "${cert_list[@]}"; do
+            if [[ -e "${_cert}" ]]; then
+                _override_cert_list+=("$(realpath -- "${_cert}")")
+            else
+                (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+                _msg_error "File '${_cert}' does not exist." 0
+            fi
+        done
+        cert_list=("${_override_cert_list[@]}")
+        # Check if there are at least two certificate files
+        if (( ${#cert_list[@]} < 2 )); then
+            (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+            _msg_error "Two certificates are required for codesigning, but '${cert_list[*]}' is provided." 0
+        fi
+    fi
+    _validate_common_requirements_buildmode_iso_netboot
+    _validate_common_requirements_buildmode_all
+    if ! command -v openssl &> /dev/null; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "Validating build mode '${_buildmode}': openssl is not available on this host. Install 'openssl'!" 0
+    fi
+}
+
+# SYSLINUX El Torito
+_add_xorrisofs_options_bios.syslinux.eltorito() {
+    xorrisofs_options+=(
+        # El Torito boot image for x86 BIOS
+        '-eltorito-boot' 'syslinux/isolinux.bin'
+        # El Torito boot catalog file
+        '-eltorito-catalog' 'syslinux/boot.cat'
+        # Required options to boot with ISOLINUX
+        '-no-emul-boot' '-boot-load-size' '4' '-boot-info-table'
+    )
+}
+
+# SYSLINUX MBR (isohybrid)
+_add_xorrisofs_options_bios.syslinux.mbr() {
+    xorrisofs_options+=(
+        # SYSLINUX MBR bootstrap code; does not work without "-eltorito-boot syslinux/isolinux.bin"
+        '-isohybrid-mbr' "${isofs_dir}/syslinux/isohdpfx.bin"
+        # When GPT is used, create an additional partition in the MBR (besides 0xEE) for sectors 0–1 (MBR
+        # bootstrap code area) and mark it as bootable
+        # May allow booting on some systems
+        # https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Partitioning#Tricking_old_BIOS_into_booting_from_GPT
+        '--mbr-force-bootable'
+        # Move the first partition away from the start of the ISO to match the expectations of partition editors
+        # May allow booting on some systems
+        # https://dev.lovelyhq.com/libburnia/libisoburn/src/branch/master/doc/partition_offset.wiki
+        '-partition_offset' '16'
+    )
+}
+
+# systemd-boot in an attached EFI system partition
+_add_xorrisofs_options_uefi-x64.systemd-boot.esp() {
+    # Move the first partition away from the start of the ISO, otherwise the GPT will not be valid and ISO 9660
+    # partition will not be mountable
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2076
+    [[ " ${xorrisofs_options[*]} " =~ ' -partition_offset ' ]] || xorrisofs_options+=('-partition_offset' '16')
+    # Attach efiboot.img as a second partition and set its partition type to "EFI system partition"
+    xorrisofs_options+=('-append_partition' '2' 'C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B' "${work_dir}/efiboot.img")
+    # Ensure GPT is used as some systems do not support UEFI booting without it
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2076
+    if [[ " ${bootmodes[*]} " =~ ' bios.syslinux.mbr ' ]]; then
+        # A valid GPT prevents BIOS booting on some systems, instead use an invalid GPT (without a protective MBR).
+        # The attached partition will have the EFI system partition type code in MBR, but in the invalid GPT it will
+        # have a Microsoft basic partition type code.
+        if [[ ! " ${bootmodes[*]} " =~ ' uefi-x64.systemd-boot.eltorito ' ]]; then
+            # If '-isohybrid-gpt-basdat' is specified before '-e', then the appended EFI system partition will have the
+            # EFI system partition type ID/GUID in both MBR and GPT. If '-isohybrid-gpt-basdat' is specified after '-e',
+            # the appended EFI system partition will have the Microsoft basic data type GUID in GPT.
+            if [[ ! " ${xorrisofs_options[*]} " =~ ' -isohybrid-gpt-basdat ' ]]; then
+                xorrisofs_options+=('-isohybrid-gpt-basdat')
+            fi
+        fi
+    else
+        # Use valid GPT if BIOS booting support will not be required
+        xorrisofs_options+=('-appended_part_as_gpt')
+    fi
+}
+
+# systemd-boot via El Torito
+_add_xorrisofs_options_uefi-x64.systemd-boot.eltorito() {
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2076
+    if [[ " ${bootmodes[*]} " =~ ' uefi-x64.systemd-boot.esp ' ]]; then
+        # systemd-boot in an attached EFI system partition via El Torito
+        xorrisofs_options+=(
+            # Start a new El Torito boot entry for UEFI
             '-eltorito-alt-boot'
+            # Set the second partition as the El Torito UEFI boot image
+            '-e' '--interval:appended_partition_2:all::'
+            # Boot image is not emulating floppy or hard disk; required for all known boot loaders
+            '-no-emul-boot'
+        )
+        # A valid GPT prevents BIOS booting on some systems, use an invalid GPT instead.
+        if [[ " ${bootmodes[*]} " =~ ' bios.syslinux.mbr ' ]]; then
+            # If '-isohybrid-gpt-basdat' is specified before '-e', then the appended EFI system partition will have the
+            # EFI system partition type ID/GUID in both MBR and GPT. If '-isohybrid-gpt-basdat' is specified after '-e',
+            # the appended EFI system partition will have the Microsoft basic data type GUID in GPT.
+            if [[ ! " ${xorrisofs_options[*]} " =~ ' -isohybrid-gpt-basdat ' ]]; then
+                xorrisofs_options+=('-isohybrid-gpt-basdat')
+            fi
+        fi
+    else
+        # The ISO will not contain a GPT partition table, so to be able to reference efiboot.img, place it as a
+        # file inside the ISO 9660 file system
+        install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/EFI/archiso"
+        cp -a -- "${work_dir}/efiboot.img" "${isofs_dir}/EFI/archiso/efiboot.img"
+        # systemd-boot in an embedded efiboot.img via El Torito
+        xorrisofs_options+=(
+            # Start a new El Torito boot entry for UEFI
+            '-eltorito-alt-boot'
+            # Set efiboot.img as the El Torito UEFI boot image
             '-e' 'EFI/archiso/efiboot.img'
+            # Boot image is not emulating floppy or hard disk; required for all known boot loaders
             '-no-emul-boot'
-            '-isohybrid-gpt-basdat'
         )
     fi
+    # Specify where to save the El Torito boot catalog file in case it is not already set by bios.syslinux.eltorito
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2076
+    [[ " ${bootmodes[*]} " =~ ' bios.' ]] || xorrisofs_options+=('-eltorito-catalog' 'EFI/boot.cat')
+}
 
-    _show_config iso
+# Build bootstrap image
+_build_bootstrap_image() {
+    local _bootstrap_parent
+    _bootstrap_parent="$(dirname -- "${pacstrap_dir}")"
+
+    [[ -d "${out_dir}" ]] || install -d -- "${out_dir}"
+
+    cd -- "${_bootstrap_parent}"
+
+    _msg_info "Creating bootstrap image..."
+    bsdtar -cf - "root.${arch}" | gzip -cn9 > "${out_dir}/${image_name}"
+    _msg_info "Done!"
+    du -h -- "${out_dir}/${image_name}"
+    cd -- "${OLDPWD}"
+}
+
+# Build ISO
+_build_iso_image() {
+    local xorriso_options=() xorrisofs_options=()
+    local bootmode
+
+    [[ -d "${out_dir}" ]] || install -d -- "${out_dir}"
 
-    mkdir -p "${out_dir}"
-    _msg_info "Creating ISO image..."
-    local _qflag=""
     if [[ "${quiet}" == "y" ]]; then
-        xorriso -as mkisofs -quiet \
+        # The when xorriso is run in mkisofs compatibility mode (xorrisofs), the mkisofs option -quiet is interpreted
+        # too late (e.g. messages about SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH still get shown).
+        # Instead use native xorriso option to silence the output.
+        xorriso_options=('-report_about' 'SORRY' "${xorriso_options[@]}")
+    fi
+
+    # Add required xorrisofs options for each boot mode
+    for bootmode in "${bootmodes[@]}"; do
+        typeset -f "_add_xorrisofs_options_${bootmode}" &> /dev/null && "_add_xorrisofs_options_${bootmode}"
+    done
+
+    rm -f -- "${out_dir}/${image_name}"
+    _msg_info "Creating ISO image..."
+    xorriso "${xorriso_options[@]}" -as mkisofs \
             -iso-level 3 \
             -full-iso9660-filenames \
+            -joliet \
+            -joliet-long \
+            -rational-rock \
             -volid "${iso_label}" \
             -appid "${iso_application}" \
             -publisher "${iso_publisher}" \
-            -preparer "prepared by mkarchiso" \
-            -eltorito-boot isolinux/isolinux.bin \
-            -eltorito-catalog isolinux/boot.cat \
-            -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table \
-            -isohybrid-mbr "${work_dir}/iso/isolinux/isohdpfx.bin" \
-            "${_iso_efi_boot_args[@]}" \
-            -output "${out_dir}/${img_name}" \
-            "${work_dir}/iso/"
+            -preparer "prepared by ${app_name}" \
+            "${xorrisofs_options[@]}" \
+            -output "${out_dir}/${image_name}" \
+            "${isofs_dir}/"
+    _msg_info "Done!"
+    du -h -- "${out_dir}/${image_name}"
+}
+
+# Read profile's values from profiledef.sh
+_read_profile() {
+    if [[ -z "${profile}" ]]; then
+        _msg_error "No profile specified!" 1
+    fi
+    if [[ ! -d "${profile}" ]]; then
+        _msg_error "Profile '${profile}' does not exist!" 1
+    elif [[ ! -e "${profile}/profiledef.sh" ]]; then
+        _msg_error "Profile '${profile}' is missing 'profiledef.sh'!" 1
     else
-        xorriso -as mkisofs \
-            -iso-level 3 \
-            -full-iso9660-filenames \
-            -volid "${iso_label}" \
-            -appid "${iso_application}" \
-            -publisher "${iso_publisher}" \
-            -preparer "prepared by mkarchiso" \
-            -eltorito-boot isolinux/isolinux.bin \
-            -eltorito-catalog isolinux/boot.cat \
-            -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table \
-            -isohybrid-mbr "${work_dir}/iso/isolinux/isohdpfx.bin" \
-            "${_iso_efi_boot_args[@]}" \
-            -output "${out_dir}/${img_name}" \
-            "${work_dir}/iso/"
+        cd -- "${profile}"
+
+        # Source profile's variables
+        # shellcheck source=configs/releng/profiledef.sh
+        . "${profile}/profiledef.sh"
+
+        # Resolve paths of files that are expected to reside in the profile's directory
+        [[ -n "$arch" ]] || arch="$(uname -m)"
+        [[ -n "$packages" ]] || packages="${profile}/packages.${arch}"
+        packages="$(realpath -- "${packages}")"
+        pacman_conf="$(realpath -- "${pacman_conf}")"
+
+        # Resolve paths of files that may reside in the profile's directory
+        if [[ -z "$bootstrap_packages" ]] && [[ -e "${profile}/bootstrap_packages.${arch}" ]]; then
+            bootstrap_packages="${profile}/bootstrap_packages.${arch}"
+            bootstrap_packages="$(realpath -- "${bootstrap_packages}")"
+            pacman_conf="$(realpath -- "${pacman_conf}")"
+        fi
+
+        cd -- "${OLDPWD}"
     fi
-    _msg_info "Done! | $(ls -sh "${out_dir}/${img_name}")"
 }
 
-# create airootfs.sfs filesystem, and push it in "iso" directory.
-command_prepare () {
-    _show_config prepare
+# Validate set options
+_validate_options() {
+    local validation_error=0 _buildmode
 
-    _cleanup
-    if [[ "${sfs_mode}" == "sfs" ]]; then
-        _mkairootfs_sfs
-    else
-        _mkairootfs_img
+    _msg_info "Validating options..."
+
+    # Check if pacman configuration file exists
+    if [[ ! -e "${pacman_conf}" ]]; then
+        (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+        _msg_error "File '${pacman_conf}' does not exist." 0
     fi
-    _mkchecksum
-    if [[ "${gpg_key}" ]]; then
-      _mksignature
+
+    # Check if the specified buildmodes are supported
+    for _buildmode in "${buildmodes[@]}"; do
+        if typeset -f "_build_buildmode_${_buildmode}" &> /dev/null; then
+            if typeset -f "_validate_requirements_buildmode_${_buildmode}" &> /dev/null; then
+                "_validate_requirements_buildmode_${_buildmode}"
+            else
+                _msg_warning "Function '_validate_requirements_buildmode_${_buildmode}' does not exist. Validating the requirements of '${_buildmode}' build mode will not be possible."
+            fi
+        else
+            (( validation_error=validation_error+1 ))
+            _msg_error "${_buildmode} is not a valid build mode!" 0
+        fi
+    done
+
+    if (( validation_error )); then
+        _msg_error "${validation_error} errors were encountered while validating the profile. Aborting." 1
+    fi
+    _msg_info "Done!"
+}
+
+# Set defaults and, if present, overrides from mkarchiso command line option parameters
+_set_overrides() {
+    # Set variables that have command line overrides
+    [[ ! -v override_buildmodes ]] || buildmodes=("${override_buildmodes[@]}")
+    if (( ${#buildmodes[@]} < 1 )); then
+        buildmodes+=('iso')
+    fi
+    if [[ -v override_work_dir ]]; then
+        work_dir="$override_work_dir"
+    elif [[ -z "$work_dir" ]]; then
+        work_dir='./work'
+    fi
+    work_dir="$(realpath -- "$work_dir")"
+    if [[ -v override_out_dir ]]; then
+        out_dir="$override_out_dir"
+    elif [[ -z "$out_dir" ]]; then
+        out_dir='./out'
+    fi
+    out_dir="$(realpath -- "$out_dir")"
+    if [[ -v override_pacman_conf ]]; then
+        pacman_conf="$override_pacman_conf"
+    elif [[ -z "$pacman_conf" ]]; then
+        pacman_conf="/etc/pacman.conf"
+    fi
+    pacman_conf="$(realpath -- "$pacman_conf")"
+    [[ ! -v override_pkg_list ]] || pkg_list+=("${override_pkg_list[@]}")
+    # TODO: allow overriding bootstrap_pkg_list
+    if [[ -v override_iso_label ]]; then
+        iso_label="$override_iso_label"
+    elif [[ -z "$iso_label" ]]; then
+        iso_label="${app_name^^}"
+    fi
+    if [[ -v override_iso_publisher ]]; then
+        iso_publisher="$override_iso_publisher"
+    elif [[ -z "$iso_publisher" ]]; then
+        iso_publisher="${app_name}"
+    fi
+    if [[ -v override_iso_application ]]; then
+        iso_application="$override_iso_application"
+    elif [[ -z "$iso_application" ]]; then
+        iso_application="${app_name} iso"
+    fi
+    if [[ -v override_install_dir ]]; then
+        install_dir="$override_install_dir"
+    elif [[ -z "$install_dir" ]]; then
+        install_dir="${app_name}"
+    fi
+    [[ ! -v override_gpg_key ]] || gpg_key="$override_gpg_key"
+    [[ ! -v override_gpg_sender ]] || gpg_sender="$override_gpg_sender"
+    if [[ -v override_cert_list ]]; then
+        sign_netboot_artifacts="y"
+    fi
+    [[ ! -v override_cert_list ]] || cert_list+=("${override_cert_list[@]}")
+    if [[ -v override_quiet ]]; then
+        quiet="$override_quiet"
+    elif [[ -z "$quiet" ]]; then
+        quiet="y"
+    fi
+
+    # Set variables that do not have overrides
+    [[ -n "$airootfs_image_type" ]] || airootfs_image_type="squashfs"
+    [[ -n "$iso_name" ]] || iso_name="${app_name}"
+}
+
+_export_gpg_publickey() {
+    rm -f -- "${work_dir}/pubkey.gpg"
+    gpg --batch --no-armor --output "${work_dir}/pubkey.gpg" --export "${gpg_key}"
+}
+
+_make_version() {
+    local _os_release
+
+    _msg_info "Creating version files..."
+    # Write version file to system installation dir
+    rm -f -- "${pacstrap_dir}/version"
+    printf '%s\n' "${iso_version}" > "${pacstrap_dir}/version"
+
+    if [[ "${buildmode}" == @("iso"|"netboot") ]]; then
+        install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}"
+        # Write version file to ISO 9660
+        printf '%s\n' "${iso_version}" > "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/version"
+        # Write grubenv with version information to ISO 9660
+        printf '%.1024s' "$(printf '# GRUB Environment Block\nNAME=%s\nVERSION=%s\n%s' \
+            "${iso_name}" "${iso_version}" "$(printf '%0.1s' "#"{1..1024})")" \
+            > "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/grubenv"
+    fi
+
+    # Append IMAGE_ID & IMAGE_VERSION to os-release
+    _os_release="$(realpath -- "${pacstrap_dir}/etc/os-release")"
+    if [[ ! -e "${pacstrap_dir}/etc/os-release" && -e "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/lib/os-release" ]]; then
+        _os_release="$(realpath -- "${pacstrap_dir}/usr/lib/os-release")"
     fi
+    if [[ "${_os_release}" != "${pacstrap_dir}"* ]]; then
+        _msg_warning "os-release file '${_os_release}' is outside of valid path."
+    else
+        [[ ! -e "${_os_release}" ]] || sed -i '/^IMAGE_ID=/d;/^IMAGE_VERSION=/d' "${_os_release}"
+        printf 'IMAGE_ID=%s\nIMAGE_VERSION=%s\n' "${iso_name}" "${iso_version}" >> "${_os_release}"
+    fi
+    _msg_info "Done!"
+}
+
+_make_pkglist() {
+    _msg_info "Creating a list of installed packages on live-enviroment..."
+    case "${buildmode}" in
+        "bootstrap")
+            pacman -Q --sysroot "${pacstrap_dir}" > "${pacstrap_dir}/pkglist.${arch}.txt"
+            ;;
+        "iso"|"netboot")
+            install -d -m 0755 -- "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}"
+            pacman -Q --sysroot "${pacstrap_dir}" > "${isofs_dir}/${install_dir}/pkglist.${arch}.txt"
+            ;;
+    esac
+    _msg_info "Done!"
 }
 
-# Install packages on airootfs.
-# A basic check to avoid double execution/reinstallation is done via hashing package names.
-command_install () {
-    if [[ ! -f "${pacman_conf}" ]]; then
-        _msg_error "Pacman config file '${pacman_conf}' does not exist" 1
+# build the base for an ISO and/or a netboot target
+_build_iso_base() {
+    local run_once_mode="base"
+    local buildmode_packages="${packages}"
+    # Set the package list to use
+    local buildmode_pkg_list=("${pkg_list[@]}")
+    # Set up essential directory paths
+    pacstrap_dir="${work_dir}/${arch}/airootfs"
+    isofs_dir="${work_dir}/iso"
+
+    # Create working directory
+    [[ -d "${work_dir}" ]] || install -d -- "${work_dir}"
+    # Write build date to file or if the file exists, read it from there
+    if [[ -e "${work_dir}/build_date" ]]; then
+        SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH="$(<"${work_dir}/build_date")"
+    else
+        printf '%s\n' "$SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH" > "${work_dir}/build_date"
     fi
 
-    if [[ "${#pkg_list[@]}" -eq 0 ]]; then
-        _msg_error "Packages must be specified" 0
-        _usage 1
+    [[ "${quiet}" == "y" ]] || _show_config
+    _run_once _make_pacman_conf
+    [[ -z "${gpg_key}" ]] || _run_once _export_gpg_publickey
+    _run_once _make_custom_airootfs
+    _run_once _make_packages
+    _run_once _make_version
+    _run_once _make_customize_airootfs
+    _run_once _make_pkglist
+    if [[ "${buildmode}" == 'netboot' ]]; then
+        _run_once _make_boot_on_iso9660
+    else
+        _make_bootmodes
     fi
+    _run_once _cleanup_pacstrap_dir
+    _run_once _prepare_airootfs_image
+}
 
-    _show_config install
+# Build the bootstrap buildmode
+_build_buildmode_bootstrap() {
+    local image_name="${iso_name}-bootstrap-${iso_version}-${arch}.tar.gz"
+    local run_once_mode="${buildmode}"
+    local buildmode_packages="${bootstrap_packages}"
+    # Set the package list to use
+    local buildmode_pkg_list=("${bootstrap_pkg_list[@]}")
 
-    _pacman "${pkg_list[@]}"
+    # Set up essential directory paths
+    pacstrap_dir="${work_dir}/${arch}/bootstrap/root.${arch}"
+    [[ -d "${work_dir}" ]] || install -d -- "${work_dir}"
+    install -d -m 0755 -o 0 -g 0 -- "${pacstrap_dir}"
+
+    [[ "${quiet}" == "y" ]] || _show_config
+    _run_once _make_pacman_conf
+    _run_once _make_packages
+    _run_once _make_version
+    _run_once _make_pkglist
+    _run_once _cleanup_pacstrap_dir
+    _run_once _build_bootstrap_image
 }
 
-command_init() {
-    _show_config init
-    _chroot_init
+# Build the netboot buildmode
+_build_buildmode_netboot() {
+    local run_once_mode="${buildmode}"
+
+    _build_iso_base
+    if [[ -v cert_list ]]; then
+        _run_once _sign_netboot_artifacts
+    fi
+    _run_once _export_netboot_artifacts
 }
 
-command_run() {
-    _show_config run
-    _chroot_run
+# Build the ISO buildmode
+_build_buildmode_iso() {
+    local image_name="${iso_name}-${iso_version}-${arch}.iso"
+    local run_once_mode="${buildmode}"
+    _build_iso_base
+    _run_once _build_iso_image
 }
 
-if [[ "${EUID}" -ne 0 ]]; then
-    _msg_error "This script must be run as root." 1
-fi
+# build all buildmodes
+_build() {
+    local buildmode
+    local run_once_mode="build"
 
-umask 0022
+    for buildmode in "${buildmodes[@]}"; do
+        _run_once "_build_buildmode_${buildmode}"
+    done
+}
 
-while getopts 'p:r:C:L:P:A:D:w:o:s:c:g:vh' arg; do
+while getopts 'c:p:C:L:P:A:D:w:m:o:g:G:vh?' arg; do
     case "${arg}" in
-        p)
-            read -r -a opt_pkg_list <<< "${OPTARG}"
-            pkg_list+=("${opt_pkg_list[@]}")
-            ;;
-        r) run_cmd="${OPTARG}" ;;
-        C) pacman_conf="${OPTARG}" ;;
-        L) iso_label="${OPTARG}" ;;
-        P) iso_publisher="${OPTARG}" ;;
-        A) iso_application="${OPTARG}" ;;
-        D) install_dir="${OPTARG}" ;;
-        w) work_dir="${OPTARG}" ;;
-        o) out_dir="${OPTARG}" ;;
-        s) sfs_mode="${OPTARG}" ;;
-        c) sfs_comp="${OPTARG}" ;;
-        g) gpg_key="${OPTARG}" ;;
-        v) quiet="n" ;;
+        p) read -r -a override_pkg_list <<< "${OPTARG}" ;;
+        C) override_pacman_conf="${OPTARG}" ;;
+        L) override_iso_label="${OPTARG}" ;;
+        P) override_iso_publisher="${OPTARG}" ;;
+        A) override_iso_application="${OPTARG}" ;;
+        D) override_install_dir="${OPTARG}" ;;
+        c) read -r -a override_cert_list <<< "${OPTARG}" ;;
+        w) override_work_dir="${OPTARG}" ;;
+        m) read -r -a override_buildmodes <<< "${OPTARG}" ;;
+        o) override_out_dir="${OPTARG}" ;;
+        g) override_gpg_key="${OPTARG}" ;;
+        G) override_gpg_sender="${OPTARG}" ;;
+        v) override_quiet="n" ;;
         h|?) _usage 0 ;;
         *)
             _msg_error "Invalid argument '${arg}'" 0
@@ -414,40 +1326,21 @@ done
 
 shift $((OPTIND - 1))
 
-if [[ $# -lt 1 ]]; then
-    _msg_error "No command specified" 0
+if (( $# < 1 )); then
+    _msg_error "No profile specified" 0
     _usage 1
 fi
-command_name="${1}"
-
-case "${command_name}" in
-    init)
-        command_init
-        ;;
-    install)
-        command_install
-        ;;
-    run)
-        command_run
-        ;;
-    prepare)
-        command_prepare
-        ;;
-    pkglist)
-        command_pkglist
-        ;;
-    iso)
-        if [[ $# -lt 2 ]]; then
-            _msg_error "No image specified" 0
-            _usage 1
-        fi
-        img_name="${2}"
-        command_iso
-        ;;
-    *)
-        _msg_error "Invalid command name '${command_name}'" 0
-        _usage 1
-        ;;
-esac
+
+if (( EUID != 0 )); then
+    _msg_error "${app_name} must be run as root." 1
+fi
+
+# get the absolute path representation of the first non-option argument
+profile="$(realpath -- "${1}")"
+
+_read_profile
+_set_overrides
+_validate_options
+_build
 
 # vim:ts=4:sw=4:et: