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+pacman(8)
+=========
+
+Name
+----
+pacman - package manager utility
+
+
+Synopsis
+--------
+'pacman' <operation> [options] [targets]
+
+
+Description
+-----------
+Pacman is a package management utility that tracks installed packages on a Linux
+system. It features dependency support, package groups, install and uninstall
+scripts, and the ability to sync your local machine with a remote repository to
+automatically upgrade packages. Pacman packages are a zipped tar format.
+
+Since version 3.0.0, pacman has been the front-end to linkman:libalpm[3], the
+``Arch Linux Package Management'' library. This library allows alternative
+front-ends to be written (for instance, a GUI front-end).
+
+Invoking pacman involves specifying an operation with any potential options and
+targets to operate on. A 'target' is usually a package name, file name, URL, or
+a search string. Targets can be provided as command line arguments.
+Additionally, if stdin is not from a terminal and a single hyphen (-) is passed
+as an argument, targets will be read from stdin.
+
+
+Operations
+----------
+*-D, \--database*::
+	Operate on the package database. This operation allows you to modify
+	certain attributes of the installed packages in pacman's database. It
+	also allows you to check the databases for internal consistency.
+	See <<DO,Database Options>> below.
+
+*-Q, \--query*::
+	Query the package database. This operation allows you to view installed
+	packages and their files, as well as meta-information about individual
+	packages (dependencies, conflicts, install date, build date, size). This
+	can be run against the local package database or can be used on
+	individual package files. In the first case, if no package names
+	are provided in the command line, all installed packages will be
+	queried. Additionally, various filters can be applied on the package
+	list. See <<QO,Query Options>> below.
+
+*-R, \--remove*::
+	Remove package(s) from the system. Groups can also be specified to be
+	removed, in which case every package in that group will be removed.
+	Files belonging to the specified package will be deleted, and the
+	database will be updated. Most configuration files will be saved
+	with a '.pacsave' extension unless the '\--nosave' option is used.
+	See <<RO,Remove Options>> below.
+
+*-S, \--sync*::
+	Synchronize packages. Packages are installed directly from the remote
+	repositories, including all dependencies required to run the packages. For
+	example, `pacman -S qt` will download and install qt and all the
+	packages it depends on. If a package name exists in more than one
+	repository, the repository can be explicitly specified to clarify the
+	package to install: `pacman -S testing/qt`. You can also specify version
+	requirements: `pacman -S "bash>=3.2"`. Quotes are needed, otherwise the
+	shell interprets ">" as redirection to a file.
++
+In addition to packages, groups can be specified as well. For example, if
+gnome is a defined package group, then `pacman -S gnome` will provide a
+prompt allowing you to select which packages to install from a numbered list.
+The package selection is specified using a space- and/or comma-separated list of
+package numbers. Sequential packages may be selected by specifying the first
+and last package numbers separated by a hyphen (`-`). Excluding packages is
+achieved by prefixing a number or range of numbers with a caret (`^`).
++
+Packages that provide other packages are also handled. For example, `pacman -S
+foo` will first look for a foo package. If foo is not found, packages that
+provide the same functionality as foo will be searched for. If any package is
+found, it will be installed. A selection prompt is provided if multiple packages
+providing foo are found.
++
+You can also use `pacman -Su` to upgrade all packages that are out-of-date. See
+<<SO,Sync Options>> below. When upgrading, pacman performs version comparison
+to determine which packages need upgrading. This behavior operates as follows:
+
+  Alphanumeric:
+    1.0a < 1.0b < 1.0beta < 1.0p < 1.0pre < 1.0rc < 1.0 < 1.0.a < 1.0.1
+  Numeric:
+    1 < 1.0 < 1.1 < 1.1.1 < 1.2 < 2.0 < 3.0.0
++
+Additionally, version strings can have an 'epoch' value defined that will
+overrule any version comparison, unless the epoch values are equal. This is
+specified in an `epoch:version-rel` format. For example, `2:1.0-1` is always
+greater than `1:3.6-1`.
+
+*-T, \--deptest*::
+	Check dependencies; this is useful in scripts such as makepkg to check
+	installed packages. This operation will check each dependency specified and
+	return a list of dependencies that are not currently satisfied on the system.
+	This operation accepts no other options. Example usage: `pacman -T qt
+	"bash>=3.2"`.
+
+*-U, \--upgrade*::
+	Upgrade or add package(s) to the system and install the required
+	dependencies from sync repositories. Either a URL or file path can be
+	specified. This is a ``remove-then-add'' process. See <<UO,Upgrade
+	Options>> below; also see <<HCF,Handling Config Files>> for an explanation
+	on how pacman takes care of configuration files.
+
+*-F, \--files*::
+	Query the files database. This operation allows you to look for packages
+	owning certain files or display files owned by certain packages. Only
+	packages that are part of your sync databases are searched. See
+	<<FO,File Options>> below.
+
+*-V, \--version*::
+	Display version and exit.
+
+*-h, \--help*::
+	Display syntax for the given operation. If no operation was supplied,
+	then the general syntax is shown.
+
+
+Options
+-------
+*-b, \--dbpath* <path>::
+	Specify an alternative database location (the default is
+	+{localstatedir}/lib/pacman+). This should not be used unless you know what
+	you are doing.
+	*NOTE*: If specified, this is an absolute path, and the root path is
+	not automatically prepended.
+
+*-v, \--verbose*::
+	Output paths such as as the Root, Conf File, DB Path, Cache Dirs, etc.
+
+*\--arch* <arch>::
+	Specify an alternate architecture.
+
+*\--cachedir* <dir>::
+	Specify an alternative package cache location (the default is
+	+{localstatedir}/cache/pacman/pkg+). Multiple cache directories can be
+	specified, and they are tried in the order they are passed to pacman.
+	*NOTE*: This is an absolute path, and the root path is not automatically
+	prepended.
+
+*\--color* <when>::
+	Specify when to enable coloring. Valid options are 'always', 'never', or
+	'auto'. 'always' forces colors on; 'never' forces colors off; and 'auto' only
+	automatically enables colors when outputting onto a tty.
+
+*\--config* <file>::
+	Specify an alternate configuration file.
+
+*\--debug*::
+	Display debug messages. When reporting bugs, this option is recommended
+	to be used.
+
+*\--gpgdir* <dir>::
+	Specify a directory of files used by GnuPG to verify package signatures
+	(the default is +{sysconfdir}/pacman.d/gnupg+). This directory should contain
+	two files: `pubring.gpg` and `trustdb.gpg`. `pubring.gpg` holds the public keys
+	of all packagers. `trustdb.gpg` contains a so-called trust database, which
+	specifies that the keys are authentic and trusted. *NOTE*: This is an absolute
+	path, and the root path is not automatically prepended.
+
+*\--hookdir* <dir>::
+	Specify a alternative directory containing hook files (the default is
+	+{sysconfdir}/pacman.d/hooks+). Multiple hook directories can be specified
+	with hooks in later directories taking precedence over hooks in earlier
+	directories. *NOTE*: This is an absolute path, and the root path is not
+	automatically prepended.
+
+*\--logfile* <file>::
+	Specify an alternate log file. This is an absolute path, regardless of
+	the installation root setting.
+
+*\--noconfirm*::
+	Bypass any and all ``Are you sure?'' messages. It's not a good idea to do
+	this unless you want to run pacman from a script.
+
+*\--confirm*::
+	Cancels the effects of a previous '\--noconfirm'.
+
+*\--disable-download-timeout*::
+	Disable defaults for low speed limit and timeout on downloads. Use this
+	if you have issues downloading files with proxy and/or security gateway.
+
+*\--sysroot* <dir>::
+	Specify an alternative system root.  Pacman will chroot and chdir into the
+	system root prior to running. This allows mounted guest systems to be
+	properly operated on. Any other paths given will be interpreted as relative
+	to the system root. Requires root privileges.
+
+
+Transaction Options (apply to '-S', '-R' and '-U')
+--------------------------------------------------
+*-d, \--nodeps*::
+	Skips dependency version checks. Package names are still checked. Normally,
+	pacman will always check a package's dependency fields to ensure that all
+	dependencies are installed and there are no package conflicts in the
+	system. Specify this option twice to skip all dependency checks.
+
+*\--assume-installed* <package=version>::
+	Add a virtual package "package" with version "version" to the transaction
+	to satisfy dependencies. This allows to disable specific dependency checks
+	without affecting all dependency checks. To disable all dependency
+	checking, see the '\--nodeps' option.
+
+*\--dbonly*::
+	Adds/removes the database entry only, leaving all files in place.
+
+*\--noprogressbar*::
+	Do not show a progress bar when downloading files. This can be useful
+	for scripts that call pacman and capture the output.
+
+*\--noscriptlet*::
+	If an install scriptlet exists, do not execute it. Do not use this
+	unless you know what you are doing.
+
+*-p, \--print*::
+	Only print the targets instead of performing the actual operation (sync,
+	remove or upgrade). Use '\--print-format' to specify how targets are
+	displayed. The default format string is "%l", which displays URLs with
+	'-S', file names with '-U', and pkgname-pkgver with '-R'.
+
+*\--print-format* <format>::
+	Specify a printf-like format to control the output of the '\--print'
+	operation. The possible attributes are: "%n" for pkgname, "%v" for pkgver,
+	"%l" for location, "%r" for repository, and "%s" for size. Implies '\--print'.
+
+
+Upgrade Options (apply to '-S' and '-U')[[UO]]
+----------------------------------------------
+*\--asdeps*::
+	Install packages non-explicitly; in other words, fake their install reason
+	to be installed as a dependency. This is useful for makepkg and other
+	build-from-source tools that need to install dependencies before building
+	the package.
+
+*\--asexplicit*::
+	Install packages explicitly; in other words, fake their install reason to
+	be explicitly installed. This is useful if you want to mark a dependency
+	as explicitly installed so it will not be removed by the '\--recursive'
+	remove operation.
+
+*\--ignore* <package>::
+	Directs pacman to ignore upgrades of package even if there is one
+	available. Multiple packages can be specified by separating them
+	with a comma.
+
+*\--ignoregroup* <group>::
+	Directs pacman to ignore upgrades of all packages in 'group', even if
+	there is one available. Multiple groups can be specified by
+	separating them with a comma.
+
+*\--needed*::
+	Do not reinstall the targets that are already up-to-date.
+
+*\--overwrite* <glob>::
+	Bypass file conflict checks and overwrite conflicting files. If the
+	package that is about to be installed contains files that are already
+	installed and match 'glob', this option will cause all those files to be
+	overwritten.  Using '\--overwrite' will not allow overwriting a directory
+	with a file or installing packages with conflicting files and directories.
+	Multiple patterns can be specified by separating them with a comma. May be
+	specified multiple times.  Patterns can be negated, such that files
+	matching them will not be overwritten, by prefixing them with an
+	exclamation mark. Subsequent matches will override previous ones. A leading
+	literal exclamation mark or backslash needs to be escaped.
+
+
+Query Options (apply to '-Q')[[QO]]
+-----------------------------------
+*-c, \--changelog*::
+	View the ChangeLog of a package if it exists.
+
+*-d, \--deps*::
+	Restrict or filter output to packages installed as dependencies. This
+	option can be combined with '-t' for listing real orphans - packages that
+	were installed as dependencies but are no longer required by any
+	installed package.
+
+*-e, \--explicit*::
+	Restrict or filter output to explicitly installed packages. This option
+	can be combined with '-t' to list explicitly installed packages that
+	are not required by any other package.
+
+*-g, \--groups*::
+	Display all packages that are members of a named group. If a name is not
+	specified, list all grouped packages.
+
+*-i, \--info*::
+	Display information on a given package. The '-p' option can be used if
+	querying a package file instead of the local database. Passing two
+	'\--info' or '-i' flags will also display the list of backup files and
+	their modification states.
+
+*-k, \--check*::
+	Check that all files owned by the given package(s) are present on the
+	system. If packages are not specified or filter flags are not provided,
+	check all installed packages. Specifying this option twice will perform
+	more detailed file checking (including permissions, file sizes, and
+	modification times) for packages that contain the needed mtree file.
+
+*-l, \--list*::
+	List all files owned by a given package. Multiple packages can be
+	specified on the command line.
+
+*-m, \--foreign*::
+	Restrict or filter output to packages that were not found in the sync
+	database(s). Typically these are packages that were downloaded manually
+	and installed with '\--upgrade'.
+
+*-n, \--native*::
+	Restrict or filter output to packages that are found in the sync
+	database(s). This is the inverse filter of '\--foreign'.
+
+*-o, \--owns* <file>::
+	Search for packages that own the specified file(s). The path can be
+	relative or absolute, and one or more files can be specified.
+
+*-p, \--file*::
+	Signifies that the package supplied on the command line is a file and
+	not an entry in the database. The file will be decompressed and queried.
+	This is useful in combination with '\--info' and '\--list'.
+
+*-q, \--quiet*::
+	Show less information for certain query operations. This is useful when
+	pacman's output is processed in a script. Search will only show package
+	names and not version, group, and description information; owns will
+	only show package names instead of "file is owned by pkg" messages; group
+	will only show package names and omit group names; list will only show
+	files and omit package names; check will only show pairs of package names
+	and missing files; a bare query will only show package names
+	rather than names and versions.
+
+*-s, \--search* <regexp>::
+	Search each locally-installed package for names or descriptions that
+	match `regexp`. When including multiple search terms, only packages
+	with descriptions matching ALL of those terms are returned.
+
+*-t, \--unrequired*::
+	Restrict or filter output to print only packages neither required nor
+	optionally required by any currently installed package. Specify this
+	option twice to include packages which are optionally, but not directly,
+	required by another package.
+
+*-u, \--upgrades*::
+	Restrict or filter output to packages that are out-of-date on the local
+	system. Only package versions are used to find outdated packages;
+	replacements are not checked here. This option works best if the sync
+	database is refreshed using '-Sy'.
+
+
+Remove Options (apply to '-R')[[RO]]
+------------------------------------
+*-c, \--cascade*::
+	Remove all target packages, as well as all packages that depend on one
+	or more target packages. This operation is recursive and must be used
+	with care, since it can remove many potentially needed packages.
+
+*-n, \--nosave*::
+	Instructs pacman to ignore file backup designations. Normally, when a
+	file is removed from the system, the database is checked to see if the
+	file should be renamed with a '.pacsave' extension.
+
+*-s, \--recursive*::
+	Remove each target specified including all of their dependencies, provided
+	that (A) they are not required by other packages; and (B) they were not
+	explicitly installed by the user. This operation is recursive and analogous
+	to a backwards '\--sync' operation, and it helps keep a clean system without
+	orphans. If you want to omit condition (B), pass this option twice.
+
+*-u, \--unneeded*::
+	Removes targets that are not required by any other packages.
+	This is mostly useful when removing a group without using the '-c' option,
+	to avoid breaking any dependencies.
+
+
+Sync Options (apply to '-S')[[SO]]
+----------------------------------
+*-c, \--clean*::
+	Remove packages that are no longer installed from the cache as well as
+	currently unused sync databases to free up disk space. When pacman
+	downloads packages, it saves them in a cache directory. In addition,
+	databases are saved for every sync DB you download from and are not
+	deleted even if they are removed from the configuration file
+	linkman:pacman.conf[5]. Use one '\--clean' switch to only remove
+	packages that are no longer installed; use two to remove all files
+	from the cache. In both cases, you will have a yes or no option to
+	remove packages and/or unused downloaded databases.
++
+If you use a network shared cache, see the 'CleanMethod' option in
+linkman:pacman.conf[5].
+
+*-g, \--groups*::
+	Display all the members for each package group specified. If no group
+	names are provided, all groups will be listed; pass the flag twice to
+	view all groups and their members.
+
+*-i, \--info*::
+	Display information on a given sync database package. Passing two '\--info'
+	or '-i' flags will also display those packages in all repositories that
+	depend on this package.
+
+*-l, \--list*::
+	List all packages in the specified repositories. Multiple repositories
+	can be specified on the command line.
+
+*-q, \--quiet*::
+	Show less information for certain sync operations. This is useful when
+	pacman's output is processed in a script. Search will only show package
+	names and not repository, version, group, and description information; list
+	will only show package names and omit databases and versions; group will
+	only show package names and omit group names.
+
+*-s, \--search* <regexp>::
+	This will search each package in the sync databases for names or
+	descriptions that match `regexp`. When you include multiple search
+	terms, only packages with descriptions matching ALL of those terms will
+	be returned.
+
+*-u, \--sysupgrade*::
+	Upgrades all packages that are out-of-date. Each currently-installed
+	package will be examined and upgraded if a newer package exists. A
+	report of all packages to upgrade will be presented, and the operation
+	will not proceed without user confirmation. Dependencies are
+	automatically resolved at this level and will be installed/upgraded if
+	necessary.
++
+Pass this option twice to enable package downgrades; in this case, pacman will
+select sync packages whose versions do not match with the local versions. This
+can be useful when the user switches from a testing repository to a stable one.
++
+Additional targets can also be specified manually, so that '-Su foo' will do a
+system upgrade and install/upgrade the "foo" package in the same operation.
+
+*-w, \--downloadonly*::
+	Retrieve all packages from the server, but do not install/upgrade anything.
+
+*-y, \--refresh*::
+	Download a fresh copy of the master package database from the server(s)
+	defined in linkman:pacman.conf[5]. This should typically be used each time
+	you use	'\--sysupgrade' or '-u'. Passing two '\--refresh' or '-y' flags
+	will force a refresh of all package databases, even if they appear to be
+	up-to-date.
+
+
+Database Options (apply to '-D')[[QO]]
+--------------------------------------
+*\--asdeps* <package>::
+	Mark a package as non-explicitly installed; in other words, set their install
+	reason to be installed as a dependency.
+
+*\--asexplicit* <package>::
+	Mark a package as explicitly installed; in other words, set their install
+	reason to be explicitly installed. This is useful it you want to keep a
+	package installed even when it was initially installed as a dependency
+	of another package.
+
+*-k, \--check*::
+	Check the local package database is internally consistent. This will
+	check all required files are present and that installed packages have
+	the required dependencies, do not conflict and that multiple packages
+	do not own the same file. Specifying this option twice will perform
+	a check on the sync databases to ensure all specified dependencies
+	are available.
+
+*-q, \--quiet*::
+	Suppress messages on successful completion of database operations.
+
+File Options (apply to '-F')[[FO]]
+----------------------------------
+*-y, --refresh*::
+	Download fresh package databases from the server. Use twice to force a
+	refresh even if databases are up to date.
+
+*-l, \--list*::
+	List the files owned by the queried package.
+
+*-s, \--search*::
+	Search package file names for matching strings.
+
+*-x, --regex*::
+	Treat arguments to '--search' as regular expressions.
+
+*-o, \--owns*::
+	Search for packages that own a particular file.
+
+*-q, \--quiet*::
+	Show less information for certain file operations. This is useful when
+	pacman's output is processed in a script, however, you may want to use
+	'--machinereadable' instead.
+
+*--machinereadable*::
+	Use a machine readable output format for '--list', '--search' and
+	'--owns'. The format is 'repository\0pkgname\0pkgver\0path\n' with '\0'
+	being the NULL character and '\n' a linefeed.
+
+Handling Config Files[[HCF]]
+----------------------------
+Pacman uses the same logic as 'rpm' to determine action against files that are
+designated to be backed up. During an upgrade, three MD5 hashes are used for
+each backup file to determine the required action: one for the original file
+installed, one for the new file that is about to be installed, and one for the
+actual file existing on the file system. After comparing these three hashes, the
+follow scenarios can result:
+
+original=X, current=X, new=X::
+	All three files are the same, so overwrites are not an issue. Install the
+	new file.
+
+original=X, current=X, new=Y::
+	The current file is the same as the original, but the new one differs.
+	Since the user did not ever modify the file, and the new one may contain
+	improvements or bug fixes, install the new file.
+
+original=X, current=Y, new=X::
+	Both package versions contain the exact same file, but the one on the
+	file system has been modified. Leave the current file in place.
+
+original=X, current=Y, new=Y::
+	The new file is identical to the current file. Install the new file.
+
+original=X, current=Y, new=Z::
+	All three files are different, so install the new file with a '.pacnew'
+	extension and warn the user. The user must then manually merge any
+	necessary changes into the original file.
+
+original=NULL, current=Y, new=Z::
+	The package was not previously installed, and the file already exists on the
+	file system. Install the new file with a '.pacnew' extension and warn the
+	user. The user must then manually merge any necessary changes into the
+	original file.
+
+
+Examples
+--------
+
+pacman -Ss ne.hack::
+	Search for regexp "ne.hack" in package database.
+
+pacman -S gpm::
+	Download and install gpm including dependencies.
+
+pacman -U /home/user/ceofhack-0.6-1-x86_64.pkg.tar.gz::
+	Install ceofhack-0.6-1 package from a local file.
+
+pacman -Syu::
+	Update package list and upgrade all packages afterwards.
+
+pacman -Syu gpm::
+	Update package list, upgrade all packages, and then install gpm if it
+	wasn't already installed.
+
+
+Configuration
+-------------
+See linkman:pacman.conf[5] for more details on configuring pacman using the
+'pacman.conf' file.
+
+
+See Also
+--------
+linkman:alpm-hooks[5], linkman:libalpm[3], linkman:makepkg[8],
+linkman:pacman.conf[5]
+
+include::footer.asciidoc[]