#[1]GitHub [2]Skip to content [3]Sign up (BUTTON) (BUTTON) * Product + [4]Features + [5]Mobile + [6]Actions + [7]Codespaces + [8]Copilot + [9]Packages + [10]Security + [11]Code review + [12]Issues + [13]Integrations + [14]GitHub Sponsors + [15]Customer stories * [16]Team * [17]Enterprise * Explore + [18]Explore GitHub + Learn and contribute + [19]Topics + [20]Collections + [21]Trending + [22]Skills + [23]GitHub Sponsors + [24]Open source guides + Connect with others + [25]The ReadME Project + [26]Events + [27]Community forum + [28]GitHub Education + [29]GitHub Stars program * [30]Marketplace * Pricing + [31]Plans + [32]Compare plans + [33]Contact Sales + [34]Education ____________________ * In this repository All GitHub RET Jump to RET * No suggested jump to results * In this repository All GitHub RET Jump to RET * In this user All GitHub RET Jump to RET * In this repository All GitHub RET Jump to RET [35]Sign in [36]Sign up (BUTTON) {{ message }} [37]yeokm1 / [38]gentoo-on-486 Public * [39]Notifications * [40]Fork 6 * [41]Star 57 (BUTTON) Instructions on how to install modern Gentoo Linux on ancient 486-based PCs. [42]yeokhengmeng.com/2018/01/make-the-486-great-again/ License [43]MIT license [44]57 stars [45]6 forks [46]Star (BUTTON) [47]Notifications * [48]Code * [49]Issues 1 * [50]Pull requests 0 * [51]Actions * [52]Projects 0 * [53]Wiki * [54]Security * [55]Insights More * [56]Code * [57]Issues * [58]Pull requests * [59]Actions * [60]Projects * [61]Wiki * [62]Security * [63]Insights yeokm1/gentoo-on-486 This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. master Switch branches/tags (BUTTON) ____________________ (BUTTON) Branches (BUTTON) Tags Could not load branches Nothing to show [64]{{ refName }} default [65]View all branches Could not load tags Nothing to show [66]{{ refName }} default [67]View all tags [68]1 branch [69]0 tags Code Latest commit Git stats * [70]12 commits Files [71]Permalink Failed to load latest commit information. Type Name Latest commit message Commit time [72]images [73].config [74]LICENSE [75]README.md [76]gentoo-on-486-presentation.pptx (BUTTON) View code ____________________ [77]gentoo-on-486 [78]The Hardware [79]Deployment machine : IBM PS/1 Consultant 2133 19C (released in 1993) [80]Compilation machine: Thinkpad T430 (released in 2012) [81](Optional) Machine to issue SSH commands to compilation machine [82]Instructions [83]1. Preparing the install media/disks [84]2. Networking and SSH [85]3. Preparing the disks [86]4. Installing stage3 [87]5. Installing base system [88]Read the news [89]Set system profile [90]Configure timezone [91]Configure locale [92]6. Configuring the kernel [93]Find out system specs [94]Just take the latest stable kernel [95]Download a particular kernel version [96]Kernel options [97]64-bit Kernel [98]Processor type and features: [99]Bus Options [100]Device Drivers [101]File Systems [102]Backup kernel configuration [103]Compiling the kernel [104]7. Configuring the system [105]Configuring /etc/fstab [106]Set hostname [107]Network info [108]System config [109]8. Installing tools [110]Required installs [111]Correct syslog issues [112]Optional installs [113]9. Configuring the bootloader [114]Install Bootloader [115]Configure LILO [116]10. Finalising install [117]Create non-root user [118]Unmount and reboot/poweroff system [119]11. Boot on i486 [120]Change preferred Python version [121]Update time [122]Sound test [123]Configure Web Server [124]Bonus step: [125]README.md gentoo-on-486 Instructions on how to install modern Gentoo Linux on ancient 486-based PCs. This is for a command-line install only. As Gentoo is a source-based distribution, we have to compile every package we install from scratch including the kernel and bootloader. This is too time-consuming to do on the 486 PC so I use a modern machine to do the compilation then move the disk over to the ancient PC. I have written a [126]companion blog post that explains the motivations and less-technical details. The Hardware Deployment machine : [127]IBM PS/1 Consultant 2133 19C (released in 1993) [128]Screen * AMD 5X86 486-clone running at 133mhz (similar performance to Pentium 75Mhz) * Cirrus Logic VLB CL-GD5424 Graphics 512KiB VRAM * 64MB SDRAM * 48x IDE CD ROM Drive * [129]Gotek 1.44MB floppy emulator * CompactFlash-IDE adapter + 32GB Sandisk Extreme CF card * 10Mbps 3Com Etherlink III [130]3c509B (ISA) * [131]Sound Blaster 16 CT2950 PnP (ISA) Unfortunately, this card uses [132]CQM. * 1x Parallel Port * 2x Serial Port * 1x VGA port Compilation machine: [133]Thinkpad T430 (released in 2012) [134]Screen * Intel Core i7-3520M (3.50 GHz, 4MB L3, 1333MHz FSB) * Intel HD Graphics 4000 * 16GB DDR3 - 1600MHz * Gigabit Ethernet * Ultrabay DVD-RW * 2x USB 3.0, 2x USB 2.0 * USB-CF adapter to compile on CF card * SSD removed to avoid corrupting it by accident during install (Optional) Machine to issue SSH commands to compilation machine This can be any machine capable of SSH. This will be explained later. Instructions I heavily reference official [135]Gentoo Wiki x86 handbook with some tweaks to suit the 486 as well as ease of repeated builds. Please note that my instructions are a compliment and are not a replacement to the official guide. 1. Preparing the install media/disks [136]Gentoo Wiki: Choosing the media I use a CompactFlash card as my hard disk for my 486 PC to make it easy to transfer the image back and forth between it and the compilation PC. Download the x86 Minimal Installation CD ISO image from [137]official download page. You can burn the ISO image to CD or to a USB flash drive but I opt for the former for simplicity. Once you are done, boot from the install media using your modern compilation machine. You might have to adjust your BIOS settings to do so. 2. Networking and SSH [138]Gentoo Wiki: Configuring the network The official guide included quite a bit of information on setting things up. For my case, I used a wired LAN with DHCP and everything just worked on boot. If you need a special configuration, consult that guide. I highly recommend that you turn on SSH at this point so you can copy-paste the commands to run instead of manually typing in the commands. You can even do additional configuration while the packages are compiling. passwd root New Password: blahblah Again: blahblah /etc/init.d/sshd start ifconfig Use the third machine and ssh root@X.X.X.X 3. Preparing the disks [139]Gentoo Wiki: Preparing the disks The guide suggests 4 partitions with the first one being for the BIOS boot partition for EFI systems. Since our 486 obviously predates EFI, I opt to ignore that and use the following layout instead. Partition Filesystem Size Description /dev/sda1 ext2 128M Boot /dev/sda2 (swap) 2048M Swap /dev/sda3 ext4 Rest of disk Root Just a note, ancient PCs have a [140]504MiB barrier. This means that the boot partition should reside entirely within this limit to be bootable. Once Linux is started, it can recognise the entire disk. I created my partitions using the fdisk tool. Note for the swap partition, you have to set the partition type. Type t to set the partition type, 2 to select the partition just created and then type in 82 to set the partition type to "Linux Swap". Once done, format the partitions: mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda1 mkswap /dev/sda2 swapon /dev/sda2 mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3 mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/gentoo 4. Installing stage3 [141]Gentoo Wiki: Installing Stage 3 stage3 contains almost all the files to create a bare minimum system. date # If date is wrong, use ntpd to update your PC's clock. ntpd -q -g Download the latest i486 stage3 tarball which at the time of writing is named stage3-i486-20180117T214502Z.tar.xz. I highly recommend downloading from a mirror close to you instead of using the official one. cd /mnt/gentoo wget http://gentoo.aditsu.net:8000/releases/x86/autobuilds/current-stage3-i486/s tage3-i486-20180117T214502Z.tar.xz # Untar the tarball. If you wish, you can add the `v` verbose option. tar xpf stage3-i486-20180117T214502Z.tar.xz --xattrs-include='*.*' --numeric-own er The guide says you should edit the /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/make.conf and adjust the CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS to suit your system. However for this case, we can skip this as the default is already the 486. But do verify just in case. CFLAGS="-O2 -march=i486 -pipe" CHOST="i486-pc-linux-gnu" MAKEOPTS="-j5" # A good choice is the number of CPU cores in the system plus 1 USE="-kde -qt4 -qt5 ffmpeg mp3 alsa" If you want to, you can add the MAKEOPTS setting to benefit the compilation machine. The optional USE flags is to remove unwanted GUI support as well as add some audio support when compiling. MP3 support is extremely poor due to the slow processor speed, but you can give it a shot. 5. Installing base system [142]Gentoo Wiki: Installing base system Just run the following commands I lifted from the guide. mirrorselect -i -o >> /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/make.conf # To avoid having to run mirrorselect manually in your next build, you can save your list and add it next time. # GENTOO_MIRRORS="http://gentoo.aditsu.net:8000/ http://ftp.iij.ad.jp/pub/linux/ gentoo/ http://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/Linux/Gentoo/ http://ftp.daum.net/gentoo/ htt p://ftp.kaist.ac.kr/pub/gentoo/ http://ftp.lanet.kr/pub/gentoo/ http://ftp.tware n.net/Linux/Gentoo/" mkdir --parents /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/repos.conf cp /mnt/gentoo/usr/share/portage/config/repos.conf /mnt/gentoo/etc/portage/repos .conf/gentoo.conf cp --dereference /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/gentoo/etc/ mount --types proc /proc /mnt/gentoo/proc mount --rbind /sys /mnt/gentoo/sys mount --make-rslave /mnt/gentoo/sys mount --rbind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev mount --make-rslave /mnt/gentoo/dev chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash source /etc/profile export PS1="(chroot) ${PS1}" mkdir /boot # This can be ignored as it seems to exist already mount /dev/sda1 /boot emerge-webrsync Read the news eselect news list eselect news read Set system profile The default system profile is [10] default/linux/x86/17.0 (stable) which I use. Changing system profiles will invoke a long compilation process especially for GCC, to save time, you can skip this step for your initial test builds. eselect profile list # Example changing to profile "default/linux/x86/17.0" which is the 10th profile at time of writing eselect profile set 10 # If profile change is required, run the following: emerge --ask --update --deep --newuse @world Configure timezone ls /usr/share/zoneinfo # To see available locales echo "Asia/Singapore" > /etc/timezone emerge --config sys-libs/timezone-data Configure locale nano -w /etc/locale.gen #Adjust your locale settings locale-gen eselect locale list eselect locale set 4 # Change 4 to the one you prefer. Use the one with UTF env-update && source /etc/profile && export PS1="(chroot) $PS1" 6. Configuring the kernel [143]Gentoo Wiki: Configuring the kernel The wiki suggest using genkernel tool. It does not seem to work for the 486 setting so we must use the manual configuration method. Find out system specs pciutils entirely optional especially since my system does not have PCI bus. emerge sys-apps/pciutils sys-apps/lshw Just take the latest stable kernel emerge sys-kernel/gentoo-sources Download a particular kernel version I decided to use the 4.14.x kernel release as the previous stable 4.12.x is rather old by now. However 4.14 is not marked stable, see this [144]issue. emerge --ask =sys-kernel/gentoo-sources-4.14.8-r1 # Then make the config file ch anges dispatch-conf # Press 'u' to accept emerge --ask =sys-kernel/gentoo-sources-4.14.8-r1 Kernel options cd /usr/src/linux make menuconfig Kernel options I used on top of the default. It might differ for your setup. I chose to compile everything into the kernel instead of using modules. I enable traditional options as well as some modern ones as so the kernel can still work with my modern machine if I need to compile new packages in future. 64-bit Kernel * Uncheck this!!! Processor type and features: * Uncheck "Symmetric multi-processing support" * Processor Family - Check 486 * Check Generic x86 support Bus Options * Check ISA support Device Drivers * Plug and Play support * + ISA Plug and Play support * + Plug and Play BIOS support * SCSI device support * + SCSI disk support * SATA and PATA drivers * + Generic ATA support * + Legacy ISA PATA support (Experimental) * Network device support * + Ethernet driver support * + o 3Com devices * + o # 3c509/3c579 "Etherlink III" support * Sound card support * + ALSA * + o ISA sound devices * + o # Check SB16 (PnP) * USB Support * + xHCI HCD (USB 3.0) Support * + o Generic xHCI driver for a platform device * + USB Mass Storage support * + o Tick everything related to cards and bridges * MMC/SD/SDIO card support File Systems * Enable all Ext2 and Ext4 relevant options * CD-ROM/DVD Filesystems * + Tick all * DOS/FAT/NT Filesystems * + Tick the NTFS options * Network File Systems * + SMB3 and CIFS support * + o Tick relevant sub options Backup kernel configuration To make it easier to do subsequent rebuilds, you might want to backup the current configuration. Once you do so, you just have to upload .config and don't have to run make menuconfig. # Backup scp root@X.X.X.X:/mnt/gentoo/usr/src/linux/.config . # Put back scp .config root@X.X.X.X:/mnt/gentoo/usr/src/linux/ Compiling the kernel make -j5 #Replace 5 with num CPU cores + 1 make modules_install make install # This is entirely optional for such an old system but might be useful for your compilation machine emerge sys-kernel/linux-firmware 7. Configuring the system [145]Gentoo Wiki: Configuring the system I only adjust a subset of the settings in the guide that are relevant to me. Configuring /etc/fstab nano -w /etc/fstab # Those are my settings based on my partition layout above /dev/sda1 /boot ext2 defaults,noatime 0 2 /dev/sda2 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/sda3 / ext4 noatime 0 1 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom auto noauto,user 0 0 Set hostname nano -w /etc/conf.d/hostname hostname="tux" Network info emerge --noreplace net-misc/netifrc nano -w /etc/conf.d/net # Replace eth0 with the actual network interface name. Use `ifconfig` to check. # You can put multiple as well to easily transit between the compilation and 486 PC. # eth0 is used by my 3Com NIC in the 486 PC # enxxxx is used by my compilation machine config_eth0="dhcp" config_enxxxx="dhcp" ## End cd /etc/init.d ln -s net.lo net.eth0 rc-update add net.eth0 default ln -s net.lo net.enxxxx rc-update add net.enxxxx default System config # Set root password passwd nano -w /etc/conf.d/hwclock # Set local clock instead of UTC if you wish clock="local" 8. Installing tools [146]Gentoo Wiki: Installing tools Required installs # Install system logger emerge app-admin/sysklogd rc-update add sysklogd default # Install cron daemon emerge sys-process/cronie rc-update add cronie default # Install file indexing tools emerge sys-apps/mlocate # Start SSH on boot rc-update add sshd default # Install file systems tools emerge sys-fs/e2fsprogs sys-fs/dosfstools # Install DHCP emerge net-misc/dhcpcd # NTP emerge net-misc/ntp # If ALSA is enabled in the USE flags emerge media-libs/alsa-lib emerge media-sound/alsa-utils rc-update add alsasound boot # If FFmpeg is enabled in the USE flags emerge media-video/ffmpeg Correct syslog issues I tested after reboot, I got No such file or directory errors on some files. Since I do not need them, I just made the following changes. nano /etc/syslog.conf # Comment out the following lines #news.crit /var/log/news/news.crit #news.err /var/log/news/news.err #news.notice -/var/log/news/news.notice # Change *.=notice;*.=warn |/dev/xconsole # to *.=notice;*.=warn |/dev/tty6 # Or any other tty since I don't use xconsole on my system. Optional installs Note that the following may take a significant amount time to compile. emerge sys-apps/hwinfo emerge www-servers/nginx emerge dev-vcs/git emerge media-sound/moc # Golang only works for Pentium MMX CPUs and up. But you can install this to see the failure message for fun. emerge dev-lang/go # Gentoo's default Python version is only 3.5 at time of writing. You can instal l Python 3.6 but Portage and others will still remain on Python 3.5. emerge dev-lang/python:3.6 # Command line web browsers emerge www-client/elinks emerge www-client/w3m emerge www-client/lynx 9. Configuring the bootloader [147]Gentoo Wiki: Configuring the bootloader Install Bootloader In theory, one should use the modern Grub2 bootloader. Grub2 loads ok but the system reboots the moment I select a boot option. This seems like a known issue given the age of the system. So I use the older LILO instead. emerge sys-boot/lilo Configure LILO Adjust the kernel version to suit yours nano -w /etc/lilo.conf ### Add the following boot=/dev/sda # Install LILO in the MBR prompt # Give the user the chance to select another section timeout=50 # Wait 5 (five) seconds before booting the default sec tion default=gentoo # When the timeout has passed, boot the "gentoo" secti on image=/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.8-gentoo-r1 label=gentoo read-only root=/dev/sda3 vga=4 # This will set the VGA mode to 80x30 image=/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.8-gentoo-r1 label=gentoo-ask-vga read-only root=/dev/sda3 vga=ask # Linux will ask you to pick the VGA mode on startup image=/boot/vmlinuz-4.14.8-gentoo-r1 label=gentoo-rescue read-only root=/dev/sda3 append="init=/bin/bb" ### End /sbin/lilo 10. Finalising install [148]Gentoo Wiki: Finalizing Create non-root user #Add non-root user. By default, you cannot SSH in as root user. useradd -m -G users,wheel,audio -s /bin/bash john passwd john Unmount and reboot/poweroff system exit cd umount -l /mnt/gentoo/dev{/shm,/pts,} umount -R /mnt/gentoo reboot # This is preferred so the SSH keys can be generated for the first time o n your compilation machine instead of taking like ages on the 486 PC. poweroff For some strange reason, I cannot reliably boot with a USB-CF card adapter. Subsequent powerups on my Thinkpad sometimes fail. Booting up with a native SATA-CF adapter works fine. See the bonus step. 11. Boot on i486 Transfer the disk to the 486 PC and hope it boots! Very slowly.... but it'll work. Good luck! All commands below except ALSA stuff are only usable if you are the root user but I'm sure you can find a way to solve that. You also cannot SSH in via the root user by default. Change preferred Python version If you installed another Python version earlier. eselect python list # Select your preferred Python version eselect python set 2 Update time Just in case... ntpd -q -g Sound test If you want to test the sound, you can run the following commands: alsamixer # Remember to increase PCM volume speaker-test -t wav -c 2 Configure Web Server If you installed nginx earlier, you can try your hand at hosting something. [149]Reference mkdir /var/www/localhost/htdocs # Create a dummy page echo 'Hello, world!' > /var/www/localhost/htdocs/index.html nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf # Change `listen 127.0.0.1;` -> `listen 0.0.0.0;` /etc/init.d/nginx start # Start on boot rc-update add nginx default Bonus step: If for some reason you need to rescue the Gentoo installation (say if kernel fails), you can try booting up from the install CD and mount the disk instead of installing from scratch. These are the instructions you can use based on above: # These are if you want to SSH into the system passwd root New Password: blahblah Again: blahblah /etc/init.d/sshd start ifconfig # mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/gentoo mount --types proc /proc /mnt/gentoo/proc mount --rbind /sys /mnt/gentoo/sys mount --make-rslave /mnt/gentoo/sys mount --rbind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev mount --make-rslave /mnt/gentoo/dev chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash source /etc/profile export PS1="(chroot) ${PS1}" mkdir /boot # This can be ignored as it seems to exist already mount /dev/sda1 /boot About Instructions on how to install modern Gentoo Linux on ancient 486-based PCs. [150]yeokhengmeng.com/2018/01/make-the-486-great-again/ Topics [151]linux [152]linux-kernel [153]gentoo [154]486 Resources [155]Readme License [156]MIT license Stars [157]57 stars Watchers [158]10 watching Forks [159]6 forks [160]Releases No releases published [161]Packages 0 No packages published Footer © 2022 GitHub, Inc. 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https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/wiki 62. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/security 63. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/pulse 64. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/tree/{{%20urlEncodedRefName%20}} 65. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/branches 66. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/tree/{{%20urlEncodedRefName%20}} 67. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/tags 68. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/branches 69. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/tags 70. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/commits/master 71. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/tree/207a5cddd0411495da608736e4e02bb79d1f5780 72. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/tree/master/images 73. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/blob/master/.config 74. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/blob/master/LICENSE 75. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/blob/master/README.md 76. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486/blob/master/gentoo-on-486-presentation.pptx 77. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486#gentoo-on-486 78. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486#the-hardware 79. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486#deployment-machine--ibm-ps1-consultant-2133-19c-released-in-1993 80. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486#compilation-machine-thinkpad-t430-released-in-2012 81. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486#optional-machine-to-issue-ssh-commands-to-compilation-machine 82. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486#instructions 83. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486#1-preparing-the-install-mediadisks 84. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486#2-networking-and-ssh 85. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486#3-preparing-the-disks 86. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486#4-installing-stage3 87. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486#5-installing-base-system 88. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486#read-the-news 89. https://github.com/yeokm1/gentoo-on-486#set-system-profile 90. 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